Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several years of drought have contributed to the desiccation of Old Wives Lake, a shallow, alkaline lake in southern Saskatchewan. The prevailing northwest wind, which blows across the 177-km2 dry lake bed, has generated airborne sodium sulfate, silt, and clay. Residents have reported nasal, eye, and respiratory irritation. A cross-sectional design that included 300 controls and 300 exposed subjects elucidated the potential adverse respiratory health effects of exposure to blowing alkali salt and dust. An increased prevalence of current cough, current wheeze, chronic cough, chronic wheeze, chronic eye irritation, and chronic nasal irritation was identified in the exposed population. Smoking-adjusted odds ratios were consistent with the prevalence ratios. Lung function did not differ between the exposed and the control populations. Rainfall during the study period reduced airborne dust levels and may have precluded demonstration of previously reported adverse effects.
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PMID:Respiratory health effects of alkali dust in residents near desiccated Old Wives Lake. 144 99

Combustion toxicology is complex so, although victims exposed to combustion products are mainly treated symptomatically, it is important to identify those situations when specific therapeutic measures might be of importance. Victims presenting respiratory symptoms including severe cough, bronchoconstriction, hypoxia and respiratory distress should be given oxygen and ventilatory assistance or support. Furthermore, bronchoconstriction should be treated with bronchodilators (beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists, theophylline). Corticosteroids should be considered both for inhalation and systemically due to the risk of developing toxic pulmonary oedema that may appear after a symptom-free interval that might last up to 48-72 h. Victims with impaired consciousness should be regarded as being exposed to carbon monoxide and cyanides. Apart from oxygen and optimal symptomatic treatment hyperbaric oxygen therapy should be considered in carbon monoxide poisoning. Certain cyanide antidotes, namely those with low intrinsic toxicity (as sodium thiosulphate, hydroxocobalamin) should be given liberally in these situations. Other specific therapeutic measures that might be considered when appropriate are administration of organophosphate antidotes (atropine, oximes), heavy metal chelators (e.g. dimercaptopropane sulfonate, dimercaptosuccinic acid) and methemoglobinemia antidotes (methylthionine, toluidine blue). Inhalation of hot fumes may cause upper respiratory tract oedema (e.g. laryngeal oedema) necessitating orotracheal intubation and ventilatory support.
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PMID:Hospital treatment of victims exposed to combustion products. 147 Nov 83

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a group of effective drugs with a unique mechanism of action. These drugs have proven to be useful for hypertension and congestive heart failure. Early clinical trials of captopril used doses that are now known to be inappropriately high, and dose-related adverse effects were observed frequently. The recognition that lower doses are effective has reduced the incidence of adverse reactions and resulted in improved patient tolerance. When patients are properly selected and correctable risk factors are removed, serious side effects are uncommon. Unfortunately, the early reputation of nephrotoxicity persists, as does the belief that significant blood dyscrasias, endocrine effects and rash are serious risks for the average patient. After wide use of captopril, enalapril and lisinopril, and investigational trials of nearly a dozen newer agents, a sufficiency of clinical observation, experimental evidence and accurate postmarketing recording of events is accumulating to allow insight into the major toxicities with regard to more intelligent patient selection, more rational dosing and proper identification of risk factors. The most common adverse reactions are cough and skin rash. It appears that the agents are generally not cross-reactive with regard to skin rash, although it is not clear whether this effect is drug-specific or class-specific with regard to cough. Statistically but not clinically significant lowering of haemoglobin and hematocrit is common; these effects are inconsequential in most patients. Neutropenia, once thought to be prevalent, now appears to be so only in patients with autoimmune or collagen-vascular disease; the majority of patients outside these groups are at low risk. Hyperkalaemia is a frequent occurrence. This should not be surprising in view of the effect of the ACE inhibitors on plasma aldosterone. When dietary potassium intake is regulated and sources of altered potassium excretion are identified, hyperkalaemia is seldom a serious problem. Identification of sodium and water deficits allows correction before the drugs are started, and the frequency of hypotension and hyperkalaemia caused by the drugs is quite low if these factors are properly managed. An unexpected finding emerging in recent years is the dry cough associated with ACE inhibitor therapy. Its mechanism is not definitely known. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may control this symptom in some patients. The frequent observation of proteinuria in patients taking ACE inhibitors has gained notice and sometimes caused undue alarm. It is difficult to separate disease effects in diabetes and hypertension from true drug effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Adverse effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. An update. 153 95

A questionnaire was administered to parents of 171 asthmatic children, and their knowledge of asthma was evaluated using a quantitative score. The mean age of children was 5 yr and the mean duration of their asthma was 3 yr. Each sign of the classical triad "noisy breathing, cough, indrawing" was mentioned by two-thirds of parents. Inhaled agents perceived as triggers of asthma were: animal hair (73.7%), dust (69.6%), pollen (60.2%), tobacco (44.4%), molds (14.6%). Other triggering agents mentioned were: stress (51.5%), infections (38%), exercise (13.5%). Mothers with college or university education knew more clinical signs of an attack (P less than 0.01) and more triggering factors (P less than 0.005). Parents satisfied with previous teaching knew more threatening signs of an attack (P less than 0.01). About 80% of those that used theophylline and 49.4% of those that used inhaled beta-2-agonists knew the correct mode of administration. Parents satisfied with previous teaching had better knowledge of the side-effects of theophylline (P less than 0.005) and beta-2-agonists (P less than 0.02). 58.5% of those that used cromolyn sodium did not know the mean duration of a therapeutic trial and 15% did not use it as prophylaxis. 57.1% of those that used oral corticosteroids did not know any side-effects of the drug. About half of the parents indicated that they would like to receive more information about the causes and the appropriate treatment of asthma. It was concluded that parental teaching should focus more on environmental and therapeutic issues.
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PMID:[Parental knowledge about their asthmatic children]. 166 45

The epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis, and drug therapy of asthma in children are reviewed. Recent advances in drug therapy have, for unknown reasons, been accompanied by an increase in the morbidity and mortality associated with childhood asthma. The cause of asthma is not precisely understood, but an inflammatory process and hyperactivity of airways are common findings in the disease. Asthma in children can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or indeterminate; a severe, prolonged episode not relieved by usual treatment is called status asthmaticus. The hallmark symptoms of asthma are coughing, dyspnea, and wheezing. Beta-adrenergic agonists can be used orally for diagnostic purposes or for nocturnal asthma; i.v. or s.c. for emergency treatment; or by inhalation for relief of acute asthmatic episodes. Experience with anticholinergics in children is limited, and these agents should be used only when other options have failed. Inhalation of cromolyn sodium is very safe and is useful for the prophylactic treatment of mild to moderate asthma. Corticosteroids, which are used both for acute asthmatic episodes and for long-term treatment, can be given orally, i.v., or by inhalation. Theophylline is used for prophylactic therapy in children with chronic asthma. Selection of a drug regimen is based on knowledge of efficacy, pharmacokinetics, compliance, and toxicity. The treatment of asthma in children requires consideration of drug properties in young patients. Drugs used to treat childhood asthma include beta agonists, anticholinergics, cromolyn sodium, corticosteroids, and theophylline.
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PMID:Treatment of asthma in children. 158 29

Most of the symptoms from a malignant tumor are caused by local invasion by the tumor, or obstruction, either at the site of the primary disease or by metastases. However, tumors can produce symptoms at a remote site. Patients with gastrointestinal malignancy may present with symptoms which include dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bleeding and ascites. Palliation gastrectomy delays or prevents these symptoms. About 30% of gastric carcinomas are inoperable at the time of presentation. Chemotherapy is rarely effective in the palliation of gastric carcinoma. Laser irradiation can be delivered to assay site accessible to fibreoptic endoscopy, which is an advantage over endocavity irradiation or diathermy fulguration. Ascites is a common and disabling implication in patients with advanced malignant disease. Spironolactone will increase urinary sodium excretion significantly and control their ascites. If spironolactone fails to control, useful control can be achieved by draining the ascites. Patients with carcinoma of the lung may present with symptoms that include cough, bloody sputum and dyspnoea. Pain in the chest wall is usually secondary to invasion of the parietal pleura, ribs or intercostal nerves. Lesions in the medial portion of the right upper lobe, or mediastinal metastases, may invade or compress the superior vena cava, causing venous hypertension with oedema of the head and arms. The patients may complain of dyspnoea, dysphagia, stridor and headaches. Radiotherapy can be expected to improve the quality of life for these patients. Successful palliation of symptoms is almost related to tumor regression. The problems of obstruction and bleeding from malignant tumor is common. Recently, laser techniques have been applied to aid in palliation of these problems. Malignant effusion may occur early and be the first signs of metastases. The aim of therapy is to evacuate the fluid and induce pleural adhesion. One of the sad situations that we have to face is the patient with recurrent cancer which complains of various symptoms. The relief of symptoms is the most important palliative therapy to them.
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PMID:[Palliative therapy in cancer. 3. Palliation of the symptoms from a malignant tumor (1)]. 169 82

Over an 18-month period 31 patients (27 female and 4 male) were referred to the ENT department of our clinic for a 1-month to 14-year history of isolated non-productive cough. As ENT examination, including posterior rhinoscopy, was normal, these patients were sent to the pneumology department. Physical examination and X-ray films of the chest were negative, and the patients did not take an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor that could have induced this cough. Inhalation of acetylcholine lowered vital capacity by 32 +/- 14% and forced expiratory volume by 34 +/- 16%, a test which is the hallmark of bronchial hyperreactivity. Three patients were atopic. We believe that this cough can be the only manifestation of bronchial asthma. In these patients, cough was suppressed or strongly attenuated by the inhalation, 5 times a day, of salbutamol 200 mg puffs and beclomethasone dipropionate 250 mcg. In addition, the atopic patients were prescribed 10 puffs of sodium cromoglycate per day. Complaints of isolated non-productive cough must always suggest that possibility of bronchial asthma, and a bronchial provocation test must be performed to confirm this diagnosis.
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PMID:[Isolated cough and bronchial asthma]. 175 3

A case of auranofin(AF)-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is reported and possible mechanism of the incidence is discussed. A 57 year-old woman with a history of RA starting in early April 1989, had been prescribed AF for seven days prior to her referral to this hospital. Because of the severity of her polyarthritis, AF was discontinued; therapy with gold sodium thiomalate (GST) instead was started on 23 June 1989. The patient responded quite favorably. At a total cumulative dose of 160mg of GST, however, she developed generalized exfoliative dermatitis and the drug was discontinued. On 29 Sept. 1989 when her skin lesions cleared up completely, she was put on AF again. Six days after resumption of AF therapy, she developed fever. Nonproductive cough and dyspnea on exertion was observed within the following three days. The chest X-ray film revealed diffuse reticular-linear infiltrates more prominently in both upper lobes. Arterial blood gas studies showed hypoxemia and a restrictive ventilatory defect was demonstrated by pulmonary function studies. AF was stopped. High dose pulse iv corticosteroid(CS) therapy combined with oral CS was instituted. Immediate improvement of both subjective and objective findings was observed. By using the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes, delayed lymphocyte stimulation test(DLST) against the probable causative agents was performed before the bolus CS therapy. Stimulation Index(shown in percentage) was markedly elevated in AF(724%) as compared with GST(163%). The fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) was performed. Analysis of BAL fluid revealed increased cellularity (9 x 10(5)/ml) with marked lymphocytosis of 79%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A case of rheumatoid arthritis complicated with auranofin-induced acute interstitial pneumonitis]. 185 97

Cough-type asthma is a well-defined entity. The patients typically have a chronic, nonproductive cough that is exacerbated by exercise and upper respiratory tract infections. Bronchial provocation maneuvers are helpful in diagnosing cough-type asthma in older children and adults. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of therapy, although some patients may require cromolyn sodium or inhaled corticosteroids. The natural history of this process suggests that approximately a third to a half of these patients may progress to "classical" asthma with wheezing.
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PMID:Cough-type asthma: a review. 190 91

We present an epidemiologic approach for the study of the irritant effects of sodium borate exposure that can be used to study acute reversible health effects more generally. Acute irritant responses, such as symptoms of nasal irritation or cough, are subjective. They may, however, be accompanied by transient airway obstruction, which can be objectively measured by a change in peak expiratory flow (PEF) or forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Because these physiologic responses are reversible and follow short-term peaks of exposure, they cannot be studied effectively using conventional epidemiologic methods of design and analysis. The proposed study design is a short-term prospective cohort study with frequently repeated measures of health effects and simultaneous measures of exposure. Because each subject passes through periods of high and low short-term exposure, the study has the form of a crossover design. This design permits each acute response to be linked to the corresponding short-term average exposure, providing the data necessary for dose-response analyses within subject. We present the results of the sodium borate study to illustrate the analysis of such data.
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PMID:An epidemiologic approach to the study of acute reversible health effects in the workplace. 191 41


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