Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sodium nitroprusside causes cyanide poisoning at currently recommended infusion rates. Serum thiocyanate concentrations are of no value in detecting cyanide poisoning caused by nitroprusside. Methemoglobinemia in those patients receiving intravenous nitroglycerin may seriously impair oxygen delivery and is not always accompanied by cyanosis in anemic patients. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are responsible for a plethora of adverse effects, including renal insufficiency, hypotension, angioedema, cough, and increased insulin sensitivity.
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PMID:Toxic effects of drugs used in the ICU. Nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. 190 24

A 31-year-old man presented with fever, cough and hemoptysis. Primary pulmonary tuberculosis of the left lower lobe was diagnosed. Concurrently he developed severe insulin-dependent diabetes. This case stresses the special connection between primary atypical pulmonary tuberculosis affecting the lower lobes and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Primary left lower lobe tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus]. 273 59

In view of the pharmacological and chemical reasons for using ACE-inhibitors to treat diabetic hypertension, a group of 40 outpatients were treated with Enalapril. The sample consisted of 20 outpatients, 6 males, 14 females aged 48-76 (mean age 63.75), 18 of whom had type II and 2 type I diabetes and 11 under treatment by diet and hypoglycaemic drugs or insulin. All these patients presented slight or moderate essential arterial hypertension (diastolic pressure less than 115 mmHg). For about one year 17 of the patients were given 20 mg/die Enalapril and the remaining three 10 mg/die in a single morning dose. In 16 cases no other treatment was given. In 4 a non-potassium conserving diuretic was also given. Check-ups before six months into and at the end of treatment showed: a statistically significant reduction in systolic (p less than 0.05) and diastolic (p less than 0.01) pressure. In contrast no significant change was noted in heart beat, glycaemia before or after meals, body weight, glycosylated haemoglobin or any other blood chemical parameter considered. In one case only there was a slight increase in proteinuria that was however present at the start of treatment. As far as side effects are concerned there was one case of cardiac palmus during treatment and one case of coughing that regressed totally when treatment was suspended but nothing else of significance. It should be noted that the antidiabetic treatment remained unchanged throughout the period considered in most cases and at most was subjected to minimal qualitative and quantitative adjustments.
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PMID:[Prolonged treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients with enalapril. 1-year follow-up]. 282 79

The cough reflex has been investigated in insulin dependent diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy. The cough response to inhaled citric acid was determined in eight patients with diabetes who had severe autonomic neuropathy and compared with that in 10 who had no evidence of neuropathy. The patients with autonomic neuropathy had a higher median threshold for the cough response to citric acid (median 50%, range 20- greater than 100%) than non-neuropathic control patients (median 10%, range 2-20%). These results suggest that vagal innervation of the bronchial tree is damaged by diabetic autonomic neuropathy.
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PMID:Cough threshold to citric acid in diabetic patients with and without autonomic neuropathy. 321 54

A 55-year-old woman with a long-standing history of diabetes mellitus controlled with insulin was admitted under the Medical Unit to the Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, on 27 December 1981, with a history of diarrhoea and anorexia of several weeks' duration. Prior to admission she had complained of a cough and her condition had been deteriorating rapidly for two days. On admission she had signs of pneumonia and this was confirmed on chest X-ray which showed diffuse shadowing on the right. The patient was placed on antibiotics, but her condition worsened over the next 24 hours and she suffered a respiratory arrest from which she was, however, successfully resuscitated. Subsequent to this event she was transferred to the Intensive Therapy Unit. Here her condition continued to deteriorate, with bilateral pneumonic changes and an uncertain degree of cerebral damage. On 7 January 1982, the E.N.T. Department was approached with a view to performing a tracheostomy in view of the need for prolonged ventilation. The patient was noted to be clinically myxoedematous and thyroid function tests confirmed this with a free thyroxine level of 0.4 pmol./litre. Other thyroid function tests were: Total T4-2 nmol./l.; TBG-216 nmol./l.; T3U-107; FTI-2. The ESR was 54 mm. in the first hour.
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PMID:Riedel's thyroiditis discovered at tracheostomy. 396 81

Previous studies have demonstrated a diabetogenic effect of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus in hamsters. A preliminary study was conducted in which five 2- to 3-year-old rhesus monkeys were infected with the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of VEE virus and their carbohydrate metabolism was studied over 10 months. All animals developed mild clinical illness (rhinorrhea, cough, fever), were viremic, and developed antibodies. As compared with the results of preinoculation intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), the monkeys had abnormally high glucose values by 2 months postinoculation (PI), progressively diminished insulin responses between 8 days and 5 months PI, and significantly lower glucagon curves 2, 5, and 10 months PI. Pancreatic histology and insulin content were normal. A second, controlled study was conducted of glucose and insulin metabolism in somewhat older (3- to 8-year-old) rhesus monkey after they were infected with both the Trinidad donkey strain of VEE virus and the attenuated VEE vaccine (TC-83). Groups of six monkeys received the virulent virus and the TC-83 vaccine, and five animals were sham-inoculated with saline. Monkeys inoculated with virulent virus became viremic, and 50% became febrile without overt signs of illness, whereas those given TC-83 virus remained afebrile and did not become viremic, but five of six developed antibodies. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed and serum immunoreactive insulin responses to glucose administration measured before infection and 2 and 5 months later. No significant and consistent alterations of glucose or insulin responses were detected in the infected or control groups. Although several animals had preinoculation anti-islet cell antibodies, none developed new antibodies during the study.
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PMID:Studies of glucose metabolism in rhesus monkeys after Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. 701 85

Sympathomimetics are extensively used clinically as decongestants and bronchodilators in cough, cold, and sinus remedies. However, few studies have addressed the glycemic potentials of these drugs. In this study, the glycemic potentials of pseudoephedrine (PSD), ephedrine (EPD), and phenyl-propanolamine (PPA), the three most commonly used sympathomimetics, were evaluated. PSD caused a dose-dependent delayed hyperglycemia. This was attenuated when procedural stress was reduced. EPD and PPA did not increase the hyperglycemia due to procedural stress. EPD and PPA blunted the hyperglycemia in fed mice after a 2 g/kg oral glucose challenge; PSD had no effect. The effects of PPA and EPD on post-challenge glucose levels may be partially explained by increased insulin/glucose ratios at 15 minutes post-challenge. These studies indicate that there are differences in the glycemic effects among the sympathomimetics in stressed mice.
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PMID:The glycemic effects of sympathomimetics in stressed mice. 704 80

The effects of long-term cilazapril treatment on glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed in 25 hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Patients were treated with 0.5 to 1 mg of cilazapril once daily or a combination of cilazapril and other antihypertensive drugs once daily for 48 weeks. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) throughout the study with no significant changes in heart rate and no adverse effects such as cough. There were no significant changes in body mass index or serum levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c, fructosamine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), or apolipoproteins (apo A-I, apo C-II, apo C-III, apo B, and apo E). Cilazapril caused a significant increase (P < 0.05) in levels of apo A-II and a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the apo B:apo A-I ratio, an index of arteriosclerosis. These results suggest that cilazapril has favorable effects on glucose and lipid metabolism and that it may be useful as the first or second choice of antihypertensive drugs in hypertensive patients with NIDDM.
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PMID:Effects of long-term cilazapril treatment on glucose and lipid metabolism in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. 856 36

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, adverse effects, drug interactions, dosage, cost, and therapeutic interchange of oral angiotension-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are reviewed. ACE inhibitors attenuate the formation of angiotension II and may lead to the accumulation of kinins. Although the hypotensive effects of many ACE inhibitors may persist for 24 hours, some patients require more than one dose per day to achieve adequate control. These agents accumulate in patients with renal or hepatic dysfunction, but it is unclear whether dosage adjustments are necessary. ACE inhibitors are effective against mild to moderate hypertension; for severe hypertension, additional anti-hypertensive agents may be necessary. Other conditions in which ACE inhibitors have shown efficacy include congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, chronic renal insufficiency, insulin sensitivity, and coronary artery disease. The most common adverse effect is a persistent nonproductive cough. Angioedema, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, acute renal failure, and hyperkalemia may also occur. ACE inhibitors may interact with diuretics, lithium, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral hypoglycemic agents, and some other drugs. ACE inhibitor therapy should be initiated with low doses that may then be slowly adjusted upward. Many of the agents have similar costs for lower and higher dosages. The only significant differences among the ACE inhibitors are the time of onset of hypotensive effects, time to peak effect, and duration of effect. Each formulary should include, at least, captopril and one intermediate-acting and one long-acting ACE inhibitor.
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PMID:Oral angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. 940 13

In order to verify whether pregnancy induces or worsens diabetic retinopathy or somatic and autonomic neuropathy, 16 insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) pregnant women, 14 age-matched nondiabetic pregnant women, and 12 IDDM nonpregnant women matched for age and disease duration were studied. Plasma glucose, HbA1c, and fructosamine were repeatedly assayed during pregnancy. Retinopathic and neuropathic endpoints were evaluated through ophthalmoscopy, electrophysiology of left peroneal and sural nerves (motor and sensory conduction velocities), and cardiovascular autonomic tests (deep breathing, cough test, lying-to-standing). In the IDDM pregnant women, evaluations were performed three times during pregnancy and 6 months after delivery. Good metabolic control was achieved during pregnancy. At baseline, nine IDDM pregnant women did not show signs of retinopathy, and seven had nonproliferative retinopathy. Only one patient showed worsening during pregnancy, but she improved after delivery. Motor conduction velocity, significantly lower in IDDM pregnant women, progressively improved, and, in the third trimester, was not significantly different from that of nondiabetic pregnant women. At baseline, none of the IDDM pregnant women had abnormal responses to cardiovascular autonomic tests. During pregnancy, the response to deep breathing appeared temporarily reduced in all pregnant women, possibly due to lowered ventilatory excursion at the end of pregnancy. In IDDM women with minimal or no retinopathy, and subclinical or no peripheral neuropathy, pregnancy does not appear to induce or worsen these complications.
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PMID:Pregnancy does not induce or worsen retinal and peripheral nerve dysfunction in insulin-dependent diabetic women. 955 84


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