Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The clinical presentation, complications and sensitivity pattern was studied in 30 cases of enteric fever. Fever was the main presenting feature in all. Other associated predominant presenting feature were vomiting in 15 (50%), Loose motion 9 (30%), Cough 6 (20%), headache 4 (13.33%) and altered sensorium in 2 (6.66%). The various complications observed during hospital stay were myocarditis 5 (6.16%), Paralytic ileus 2 (6.66%), Pneumonia 1 (3.33%) and Joint effusion in 2 (6.66%) cases respectively. In laboratory parameters-mild elevation of blood urea and SGOT/SGPT were detected in 1st week, which returned to normal in 2-3 weeks time. In vitro sensitivity of organism isolated (24 cases) were as follow--Chloramphenicol 7 (29.16%), Ampicillin 8 (33.33%), Gentamicin 22 (91.66%), Amikacin 24 (100%), Cefotaxime 22 (91.66%), Ciprofloxacin 24 (100%), and Ofloxacin 24 (100%). Clinical response to Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin was 100%, and fever subsided in 3-5 days.
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PMID:Changing profile of enteric fever--in summer-91. 130 27

The first case was a 73-year-old woman with chief complaints of fever, cough, purulent sputum and dyspnea. EM therapy was begun in December 1983 due to a diagnosis of diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). Subsequently, P. aeruginosa was persistently detected, while in February 1991 at the time of an acute exacerbation of the DPB P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae were detected by TTA. The second case was a 65-year-old man with chief complaints of fever, cough and purulent sputum. DPB was diagnosed and EM therapy was begun in December 1985. In January 1991, pneumonia developed, at the time when S. pneumoniae was detected by TTA. In both cases, rapid disappearance of S. pneumoniae from the sputum and alleviation of symptoms were obtained with carbapenem antibiotic administration. Both strains were resistant to EM, Tetracycline (TC), Minocycline (MINO) and Clindamycin (CLDM). Particularly, S. pneumoniae of case 2 showed low sensitivity to Ampicillin (ABPC), Cefotiam (CTM) and Cefoxitin (CFX) as well. These cases showed acute exacerbations due to EM-resistant pneumococcus during long-term therapy with EM, and are of interest in that they may shed light on the relation between long-term EM therapy and the emergence of resistant pneumococcus.
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PMID:[Two cases of diffuse panbronchiolitis receiving long-term erythromycin (EM) therapy with acute exacerbation due to EM-resistant pneumococcus]. 143 55

A case of pleuropulmonary infection caused by Eikenella corrodens is reported, followed by a review of clinical cases reported in the English-language literature since 1970. On the basis of this review, the predisposing factors, clinical features, and principles of diagnosis and treatment of this infection are outlined. Although infection may occur at any age, it seems to occur most often in patients less than or equal to 14 or greater than or equal to 44 years of age. Adult patients commonly have some underlying medical illness, pleuropulmonary malignancy being the most common. Patients present with a variable combination of fever, cough, and pleuritic chest pain. Four radiographic patterns may be seen: pleural effusion, pneumonia, cavitation, or a combination of these. Ampicillin and penicillin G are effective therapeutic agents; although the susceptibility of E. corrodens to penicillin G has been accepted as the rule, it may not always prevail. The need for increased awareness of this organism as a cause of pleuropulmonary disease is stressed because it is resistant to clindamycin, an agent that is increasingly used to treat anaerobic pleuropulmonary infections.
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PMID:Pleuropulmonary infections caused by Eikenella corrodens. 156 74

1. The potential of the potassium channel activator, cromakalim (BRL 34915), as a bronchodilator has been evaluated in guinea-pig models in comparison with nifedipine. Some effects of the compounds on guinea-pig tracheal spirals have been studied in an attempt to elucidate their different efficacies in vivo. 2. When given by the intraduodenal route to anaesthetized guinea-pigs, cromakalim (3 and 10 mg kg-1) inhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-induced bronchospasm for at least 60 min. When given by the i.v. route, the dose of cromakalim producing 50% inhibition of the 5-HT response was 84 micrograms kg-1. Nifedipine failed to show any protective effect up to 100 micrograms kg-1, i.v. and was lethal at higher dose levels. 3. Cromakalim protected conscious guinea-pigs from asphyxic collapse in response to histamine aerosol. The maximal effect occurred 60 min following oral dosing, with 2.5 mg kg-1 providing complete protection for almost half of the animals. Nifedipine had only a weak protective effect even at a high dose level of 50 mg kg-1, p.o. 4. Cromakalim prolonged the time before convulsive cough in response to an antigen challenge in actively sensitized guinea-pigs. Its minimum protective dose was 1 mg kg-1, p.o. Nifedipine (50 mg kg-1, p.o.) was ineffective. 5. Cromakalim inhibited both spontaneous and prostaglandin E2-induced tone in guinea-pig isolated tracheal spirals with IC50 values, relative to the maximum inhibition achieved by isoprenaline (10(-3)M), of 1.1 x 10(-6)M and 8.9 x 10(-7)M, respectively. Its maximal effect was 89% of that produced by isoprenaline. Removal of the epithelium did not influence its activity. Studies using the two enantiomers showed that the activity of cromakalim resided almost entirely in the (-)-enantiomer. 6. Nifedipine (2 x 10-SM) achieved only 49% of the relaxant effect of 10 -3M isoprenaline in isolated tracheal spirals. Addition of cromakalim (10- 5 M) at the end of the nifedipine concentrationresponse experiment caused further relaxation to 94% of the effect of isoprenaline. 7. It is concluded that cromakalim has greater potential than nifedipine as a bronchodilator. It appears that opening of potassium channels, with consequent hyperpolarization and stabilization of the membrane potential, prevents calcium entering the cytosol through routes that are unaffected by calcium entry blockers.
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PMID:Evaluation of the potassium channel activator cromakalim (BRL 34915) as a bronchodilator in the guinea-pig: comparison with nifedipine. 320 91

In order to assess patterns of antibiotic prescribing and self-medication, a survey was carried out of patients from Government and private hospitals (500 each) and of 1000 apparently healthy adults in Benin City, Nigeria. Ampicillin and tetracycline were the antibiotics commonly used for self-medication; the commonest reasons given for the self-medication were the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, cough, stomach upsets and diarrhoea. Ampicillin was the commonest prescribed antibiotic; the commonest indications for prescription were soft-tissue, sexually transmitted, upper respiratory and gastro-intestinal infections. According to an assessment by four clinicians from a panel of eight in Government and private practice, 52% of the total prescriptions were judged to be appropriate whereas 30% were judged to be inappropriate by a majority of the physicians. The implications of this study for the control of bacterial resistance to antibiotics are discussed.
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PMID:A survey of antibiotic outpatient prescribing and antibiotic self-medication. 342 77

To assess amount of drug overuse we studied drug prescribing for common childhood problems by 65 general practitioners (GPs) and 29 paediatricians. A total of 2433 encounters between GPs or paediatricians and children under five years of age were observed. The presenting complaints were fever in 18%, cough in 9%, both fever and cough in 21%, vomiting in 20% and diarrhoea in 41% of encounters. Antibacterials were prescribed in 49% of encounters, analgesics and antipyretics in 29%, antiemetics in 8% and injectables in 15%. Antidiarrhoeals were prescribed in 41% encounters with children reported to have diarrhoea. Ampicillin and cotrimoxazole were the two common antibacterials prescribed by both GPs and paediatricians. Antibacterials were prescribed in significantly larger number of encounters with GPs than in those with paediatricians. Mean encounter time of patients with GPs was 3.4+/-2.7 minutes and with paediatricians 9.7+/-4.1 minutes.
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PMID:Paediatric prescribing in Karachi. 905 34

A prospective study was carried out on 157 patients admitted to a paediatric hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh to determine the bacteria present in the induced sputum of paediatric patients with X-ray proven pneumonia. Their ages ranged from 21 days to 11 years; 65 per cent of them were male and 35 per cent were female. The most affected age group was between 6 months and 2 years old. Respiratory secretions produced by induced cough were taken by swab from the oropharynx for culture and smear. The predominant bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis and Gram-negative bacilli. Serotyping of H. influenzae revealed that 76 per cent were non-typable and 18 per cent were of type b; 23.5 per cent of isolates of H. influenzae were beta-lactamase producing. MIC90 of penicillin against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were 0.025 and 3.13 micrograms/ml respectively. Ampicillin, penicillin G (benzylpenicillin), amoxycillin, and gentamicin were administered for the treatment of these patients. All cases were apparently improved, on the basis of clinical evaluation, and discharged from the hospital.
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PMID:Isolation of pathogenic bacteria from induced sputum from hospitalized children with pneumonia in Bangladesh. 997 76

In this study, the activity of the delta-opioid receptor subtype-selective agonist, SB 227122, was investigated in a guinea pig model of citric acid-induced cough. Parenteral administration of selective agonists of the delta-opioid receptor (SB 227122), mu-opioid receptor (codeine and hydrocodone), and kappa-opioid receptor (BRL 52974) produced dose-related inhibition of citric acid-induced cough with ED(50) values of 7.3, 5.2, 5.1, and 5.3 mg/kg, respectively. The nonselective opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.m.), attenuated the antitussive effects of codeine or SB 227122, indicating that the antitussive activity of both compounds is opioid receptor-mediated. The delta-receptor antagonist, SB 244525 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), inhibited the antitussive effect of SB 227122 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). In contrast, combined pretreatment with beta-funaltrexamine (mu-receptor antagonist; 20 mg/kg, s.c.) and norbinaltorphimine (kappa-receptor antagonist; 20 mg/kg, s.c.), at doses that inhibited the antitussive activity of mu- and kappa-receptor agonists, respectively, was without effect on the antitussive response of SB 227122 (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The sigma-receptor antagonist rimcazole (3 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the antitussive effect of dextromethorphan (30 mg/kg, i.p.), a sigma-receptor agonist, but not that of SB 227122. These studies provide compelling evidence that the antitussive effects of SB 227122 in this guinea pig cough model are mediated by agonist activity at the delta-opioid receptor.
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PMID:The antitussive activity of delta-opioid receptor stimulation in guinea pigs. 1064 Mar 21

Four hundred and twenty nine young children with bronchiolitis admitted consecutively in different hospitals of Bangladesh were evaluated. Three hundred and forty eight children studied for their putative risk factors, clinical profile, management and the outcome. Both cases and controls were examined for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibody status. The diagnosis of bronchiolitis was made on the basis of first attack of wheeze in previously healthy children below two years of age. Detailed history including the possible risk factors, the management and daily follow-up on the ward and the outcome at discharge were documented through a structured questionnaire. Chest x-ray was done in each case to find out the radiological changes. Blood of 266 patients and 30 controls were studied for RSV IgM and IgG antibody by ELISA. There were 66% male and 34% female children. The median age of the children was 3.0 months and 82.7% were below 6 months of age. Most of the babies were born term (88%), with ABW (73%), by normal vaginal delivery (88%). Exclusive or predominant breast-feeding were given in 72% cases. The location of the patient was rural in 55% cases. Around half of the parents were illiterate or slightly educated (up to 5 years schooling) fathers 46.5% and mothers 56% and majority of the parents were poor (74%). In 52% cases the number of family members in one room were four or more. Half of the parents (52%) were smokes and there was atopy in 26.5% families. The clinical features of bronchiolitis were mostly cough (99%), respiratory distress (97%), feeding difficulty (93%) and fast breathing (96%) (median RR 68/min). Fever (1000F or more) was in only 33% cases, though parents complained in 90% cases. All children (100%) had wheeze and crackles in lungs in 96% cases. Liver could be palpable in 83% and spleen in 42% cases. Important radiological features were increased translucency (96%), increased interstitial markings (87%), hyperinflation (75%) and streaky densities (61%). In 69.6% cases TLC was 12,000 or less and only 15% with a neutrophil fraction greater than 60%. Children were positive for IgM antibody in 43.6% cases and both IgM and IgG in 5.3% cases. The main modalities of treatment were antibiotics (99%) (Ampicillin, 76%), oxygen therapy (83%), nebulised salbutamol (76%) and intravenous fluid (51%). The median duration of hospital stay was 4 days. Most of the children were discharged with improvement (96%) with 2% mortality. Not a single case was diagnosed as bronchiolitis in hospitals outside Dhaka. Cefrtiaxone (72.5%) and parenteral steroids (70.5%) were the mainstay of therapy there.
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PMID:Evaluation of hospitalized infants and young children with bronchiolitis - a multi centre study. 1289 48

We report a case of infective endocarditis caused by Acinetobacter baumannii complex in a 27-year-old male patient. The patient presented with fever of five days duration, palpitation, dyspnea, cough and chest pain. He had undergone a surgical repair of ruptured aneurysm of sinus of valsalva a month before. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a large vegetation on the aortic valve. Three samples of blood for culture grew gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacilli within 24 hours which were identified by cultural and biochemical characteristics to be Acinetobacter baumannii complex. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby-Bauer method and the isolate were found to be resistant to ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Augmentin, Levofloxacin, Piperacillin-Tazobactam, Netilimicin and sensitive to Imipenem. Patient was initially treated with Ceftraixone and Gentamicin and subsequently with Ampicillin and Amikacin but did not respond to treatment and died of sepsis before therapy with Imipenem could be started.
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PMID:Infective endocarditis due to Acinetobacter baumannii complex--a case report. 1718 61


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