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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polysaccharides, isolated from the lichen Cetraria islandica, have antimicrobial effectiveness. For pharmaceutical applications the two glucan components lichenan and isolichenan as well as the galactomannan component are of actual interest. Especially the a-glucan isolichenan ist used as an active ingredient in cough lozenges. The conditions for the extraction of the raw material, mainly pH and temperature, have a strong influence on the yield of lichenan, isolichenan, and galactomannan, and also on the amount of tannins in the extract. Target products and also by-products give higher extraction yields with increasing extraction temperatures. Hot water extraction with subsequent fractionation of the extracted polysaccharides by multiple freezing/thawing steps and water removal applying ethanol and ether permitted the isolation of the target polysaccharides in preparative quantities. Tannins were removed by reversed phase chromatography. IR and NMR spectroscopy were used for structural characterization of lichenan and isolichenan. After optimization of the hot water extraction process no significant lower extraction and fractionation yields have been obtained compared to the established tricky DMSO extraction procedure.
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PMID:Rational approach to fractionation, isolation, and characterization of polysaccharides from the lichen Cetraria islandica. 764 81

The water, ethanol and ether extracts from Cynanchum glaucescems administrated orally showed significant antitussive effect in ammonia-induced cough model in mice. The water and ethanol extracts had obvious expectorant effect. The filtered solution of water decoction injected intraperitoneally could effectively prevent guinea pigs from asthma induced by acetulcholine and histamine mixture, and also inhibit the ear inflammation in mice caused by croton oil. All these effects showed close dose-effect relationship.
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PMID:[Antitussive, expectorant and anti-asthmatic effects of Cynanchum glaucescens (Decne.) Hand. -Mazz]. 764 83

Extracts from Petasites hybridus are in therapeutic use for more than 2000 years. They have been claimed to improve gastrointestinal pain, lung-diseases such as asthma and cough, as well as spasms of the urogenital-tract. We have investigated these claims in animal models of gastro-intestinal ulcers and confirmed that alcoholic extracts of Petasites hybridus block the ethanol-induced gastric damage and reduce small intestinal ulcerations induced in rats by indomethacin. Searching for a possible mode of action, we found that ethanolic extracts of Petasites hybridus inhibit the peptido-leukotriene biosynthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages but leave prostaglandin biosynthesis unimpaired. We conclude that the active principle could be useful in the treatment of gastro-intestinal human diseases and that Petasites hybridus may contribute to the inhibition of calcium-dependent processes such as leukotriene biosynthesis.
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PMID:Gastro-protective effects by extracts of Petasites hybridus: the role of inhibition of peptido-leukotriene synthesis. 830 45

To better evaluate the non-medical use of anticholinergic substances in Brazil, a review of the local literature was performed. Synthetic compounds such as triexyphenidyl (Artane), benactizine (Asmosterona), dicyclomine (Bentyl) as well as Datura sp. tea were reported as being used by first and second grade students and by street children of several Brazilian cities. In several cases the percentage of youngsters indulging in such use was higher than the percentage found for cocaine, barbiturates, cough syrups and amphetamine-related drugs. Several cases of patients seeking treatment for dependence or for acute psychotic symptoms were also described.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1993 Mar
PMID:Preliminary note: dangerous use of anticholinergic drugs in Brazil. 848 81

The rural CGW population has not yet undergone the metamorphosis experienced by its urban counterparts. Reminiscent of a past era, suicides far outweight homicides. Although many rural firearm injuries involve hunting accidents, these comprise only a small fraction of CGW at best. Similarly, although many rural firearm injuries involve shotguns or rifles, few CGW result from these weapons. Although the number of patients is small, those with shotgun or rifle injuries manifest lower mortality rates. The authors have confirmed the notion that caliber of civilian weapons is difficult to correlate with outcome. The geographic size of the rural catchment area is an important consideration because it must select a population able to withstand transfer. The authors noted an inverse relationship between length of time before arrival at the facility and mortality. The selection phenomenon probably accounts for the reduced mortality found in the authors series versus most others. Prognostic features of individual gunshot wounds are likely to be similar among varied populations when circumstances of the injury are matched. Thus, one expects similar features on initial examination and CT scan to have similar predictive value. The authors confirmed that CGS and specific deficits were strong predictors of outcome. No patient with a GCS score of 5 or less on admission survived. Absent pupillary response, absent brain stem function, presence of respiratory drive or cough only, and posturing were strong indicators of impending death. The authors confirmed the prognostic value associated with CT evidence of intraventricular hemorrhage, transventricular trajectory, transtentorial herniation, massive edema, and bihemispheric injury. Interestingly, presence of extensive facial fractures, an indicator of trajectory, suggested better outcome. Subarachnoid hemorrhage did not reach prognostic significance. Roughly half of the authors' patients had positive serum ethanol levels, although the test was unable to discern prognosis. Abnormality of any coagulation parameter and frank disseminated intravascular coagulation were correlated with poor outcome. Likewise, thrombocytopenia occurring within the first 24 hours was an indicator of poor prognosis. Although prophylactic antibiotics were not used in all cases, the authors encountered no deep or superficial infections in surviving patients. The prevalence of seizures in the authors' series despite prophylactic AED is unusually high. This feature merits further study.
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PMID:Characteristics of cerebral gunshot injuries in the rural setting. 852 5

An 83-year-old female patient with a giant thymic cyst that was successfully treated by percutaneous aspiration and ethanol injection. The patient had complained of coughing and chest discomfort for several years. A chest X-ray film revealed the shadow of a large abnormal mass in the anterior mediastinum. We diagnosed it as a thymic cyst. The patient refused surgery because of her age. We chose a less invasive therapy, namely, ethanol sclerosis of the cyst. The cyst was successfully treated without any complications, and no recurrence was found at the one-year follow-up. This therapy may be one of the best treatments for thymic cysts, especially in very elderly patients.
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PMID:Ethanol sclerosis: one of the best treatments for thymic cyst in very elderly patients? 937 34

The decoction of Cynanchum glaucescens and the ethanol extract of C. stauntonii show significant antitussive and expectorant actions. The decoctions of C. stauntonii or C. glaucescens have antiasthmatic and anti-inflammatory effects. The decoction of C. atratum has some expectorant effect but no antitussive or antiasthmatic actions. On the other hand, the decoction of C. versicolor cannot relieve cough nor sputum. The results indicate that both C. atratum and C. versicolor cannot be used as C. glaucescens or C. stauntonii.
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PMID:[Pharmacological comparative study on baiqian and baiwei]. 977 33

The hypothesis that antitussives containing ethylmorphine are abused by alcoholics and drug addicts and that this may lead to fatal poisonings where ethylmorphine causes or contributes to death was investigated. For this purpose 14 cases were analysed where a blood ethylmorphine concentration above the therapeutic level of >/= 0.3 microg/g was found in autopsy blood samples. Alcohol was found in 8 of the 14 cases and alcoholism or drug addiction was noted on 8 of the 14 death certificates. Other drugs, mostly benzodiazepines, were found in all 14 cases. The cause of death was fatal poisoning in 8 of the 14 cases and although there were no mono-intoxications, the cause of death was specified as fatal ethylmorphine poisoning in 2 cases. Among the unspecified medicinal drug poisonings there were five cases with very high blood levels of ethylmorphine, indicating that this drug played an important contribution to the cause of death. The results indicate that deaths due to ethylmorphine in antitussive medicines may occur among drug addicts and alcoholics taking it in overdose. Physicians should therefore be restrictive in prescribing cough mixtures containing ethylmorphine to these categories of patients. Prescription of large amounts of the drug should be avoided.
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PMID:Fatal poisonings where ethylmorphine from antitussive medications contributed to death. 1046 Apr 20

Bronchoscopic ethanol injection (BEI) therapy for endobronchial malignant tumor is thought to be an effective modality for airway dilatation and hemostasis without expensive special equipment. But if ethanol leaks into the airway, it causes severe coughing and erosion of bronchial wall. Using endoscopic video information system (EVIS), an assistant operator can observe an ethanol leak and inject an adequate volume. To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effect of BEI therapy, we treated 8 patients with endobronchial malignant tumor using EVIS. Under local anesthesia, a video-bronchoscope (Olympus BF200 or BF 1T200) was inserted orally, a transbronchial aspiration cytology (TBAC) needle was inserted via the biopsy channel, and injections of 0.2 ml of 99% ethanol into the tumor were repeated. After the tumor degenerated to necrotic tissue, it was removed with a biopsy forceps, and this maneuver was repeated for the existing fresh lesion. The total volume of injected ethanol was 4.5 + 1.6 ml (mean + SD). Airway obstruction and atelectasis were relieved in 4 cases, and hemostasis was obtained in 2 cases. In 2 cases, airway dilatation and hemostasis were not obtained. BEI was more effective in the patients with polypoid or nodular tumor protruding into the airway lumen. As for adverse effects, ethanol leaks caused a severe cough in 2 cases, although they were tolerable and treatment could be continued. BEI therapy using EVIS was thought to be useful to control airway obstruction by endobronchial polypoid tumor with good cost-effectiveness and fewer adverse effects.
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PMID:[Intratumoral ethanol injection therapy using endoscopic video information system]. 1056 Apr 13

The case of a 55-year-old female who presented to the emergency department with acute ethanol intoxication and suicidal ideation is reported. After initiating routine management, we discovered that her serum ethanol levels remained persistently elevated as a result of the patient's secretly ingesting mouthwash. This occurred after she was searched and allowed to retain personal hygiene products. Alcohol-dependent patients may consume ethanol products that are not manufactured for ingestion. These products include cosmetics, cough and cold remedies, and personal hygiene products. The ethanol content of these nonbeverage ethanol (NBE) products exceeds that of many conventional alcoholic beverages. Financial constraints and ease of availability are factors leading to their consumption. This report serves as a reminder to be aware of the existence and popularity of NBE in order to avoid potential morbidity and even mortality associated with its use.
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PMID:Overlooked sources of ethanol. 1059 84


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