Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bucillamine [N-(2-mercapto-2-methylpropionyl)-L-cysteine] is an anti-rheumatic drug which was developed in Japan. Interstitial pneumonia induced by bucillamine has been reported in two patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In this report, we describe another patient who developed bucillamine-induced interstitial pneumonia. In August 1990, a 53-year-old man was admitted because of fever, dry cough and dyspnea on exertion (DOE). Five months previously, he had noted polyarthritis, and treatment with bucillamine was started in May 1990. His polyarthritis improved about 2.5 months after starting bucillamine, but he developed fever, dry cough, and DOE in August 1990. Chest X-ray on admission showed diffuse acinar and interstitial shadows predominantly in the bilateral upper lung fields. Pulmonary function tests revealed decreased vital capacity and diffusing capacity. Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis revealed moderate hypoxemia with PaO2 67 Torr. After stopping bucillamine, the fever, dry cough, and DOE improved gradually, and the abnormal shadows on chest X-ray and ABG analysis showed moderate improvements. Bronchoalveolar lavage studies showed that total cell counts and proportion of lymphocytes were increased, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio of T cell subsets was decreased to 0.56. Transbronchial lung biopsy specimen revealed lymphocytic alveolitis and mild interstitial thickening. Lymphocyte stimulation test to bucillamine was negative, but patch test with bucillamine was positive. From the patient's clinical course, laboratory data, and pathologic findings, we concluded that this is a case of bucillamine-induced interstitial pneumonia. After treatment with corticosteroid, his chest X-ray and pulmonary function test showed marked improvements.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[A case of bucillamine-induced interstitial pneumonia]. 144 52

The Authors describe a test performed on 20 hospitalized patients aged between 22 and 80, suffering from obstruent chronic broncho-pneumopathy. The test has been performed according to a double-blind pattern; each patient has been treated according to the 10-day long randomized scheme with one of the two drugs N-acetyl-L-cysteine, 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine. After a 7-day wash-out the patient has been treated with the other drug for a further period of 10 days. All patients have been administered both products at a dosage of 200 mg. three times a day. Every day following values have been registered: arterial pressure, body temperature; subjective and objective symptomatology relieves: cough, cephalea, asthenia, sibiluses, rhoncuses, rales, inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea. Furthermore before and after the treatment the quantity and the quality of the expectorate in order is evaluate the biologic tolerance of the examined drugs, before and after each treatment the following haematochemical and urinary tests have been performed: VES, azotemia, glycemia, SGOT, SGPT, LDH, alkaline phospatase, total and direct bilirubinaemia, prothrombinic activity, complete chemical analysis of urines. As shown in Tab. I-IX, a global analysis of the results proves that 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine is a very well-tolerated drug without any negative side-effect. As far as its therapeutic efficacy is concerned we can say that the mucolitic activity of 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine is the some of that of N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
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PMID:[Therapeutic efficacy and general tolerability of 4-carbomethoxythiazolidine chlorohydrate in a double-blind crossover experiment on chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy]. 210 4

Carbocysteine is a mucoactive drug and is being used for both acute and chronic infectious airway diseases. Although carbocysteine can repair the damage of epithelial cells caused by exposure to various agents, the effects of this agent on allergic airway diseases such as asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis with an isolated chronic cough, in both of which epithelial damage may be characteristic, is not clear. We investigated the effects of carbocysteine on antigen-induced cough hypersensitivity to inhaled capsaicin at 48 h and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine at 72 h after challenge with an aerosolized antigen in actively sensitized guinea pigs. After measuring bronchial responsiveness, we examined neutral endopeptidase (NEP) activity in the tracheal tissue. Carbocysteine (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally every 12 h for 3 days after antigen challenge. The number of coughs elicited by an aerosol of capsaicin (10(-4) M) was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased in carbocysteine groups (6.13 +/- 0.59 at 10 mg/kg, 4.88 +/- 0.67 at 30 mg/kg, and 4.50 +/- 0.33 at 100 mg/kg during 3 min measurement) compared with the control group (9.75 +/- 0.53). Furthermore, carbocysteine dose dependently repaired the antigen-induced decrease of NEP activity in the tracheal tissue, but it did not influence the bronchial hyperresponsiveness or bronchoalveolar lavage cell component. These findings suggest that carbocysteine promotes the repair of damaged epithelium by allergic reaction and may be useful in allergic airway diseases accompanied by isolated chronic coughing, especially eosinophilic bronchitis without asthma and tracheobronchitis with cough hypersensitivity.
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PMID:Effects of carbocysteine on antigen-induced increases in cough sensitivity and bronchial responsiveness in guinea pigs. 1135 19

Mucolytic and related agents have been in use since prehistoric times. Although widely prescribed and used extensively in over-the-counter preparations, their efficacy and mechanisms of action remain in doubt. These agents belong to several distinct chemical classes. Mucolytic agents such as N-acetyl-cysteine are thiols with a free-sulfhydryl group. They are assumed to break disulfide bonds between gel-forming mucins and thus reduce mucus viscosity. Mucokinetic agents are thiols with a blocked sulfhydryl group. Expectorants such as guaifenesin increase mucus secretion. They may act as irritants to gastric vagal receptors, and recruit efferent parasympathetic reflexes that cause glandular exocytosis of a less viscous mucus mixture. Cough may be provoked. This combination may flush tenacious, congealed mucopurulent material from obstructed small airways and lead to a temporary improvement in dyspnea or the work of breathing. The roles of anticholinergic agents, DNase, and other drugs are also discussed with regard to their roles in reducing mucus production in rhinitis and other airway diseases.
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PMID:Therapeutic approaches to mucus hypersecretion. 1584 63

Human rhinovirus infection is a common trigger for asthma exacerbations. Asthma exacerbations and rhinovirus infections are both associated with markedly decreased pH and ammonium levels in exhaled breath condensates. This observation is thought to be related, in part, to decreased activity of airway epithelial glutaminase. We studied whether direct rhinovirus infection and/or the host immune response to the infection decreased airway epithelial cell surface pH in vitro. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not direct rhinovirus infection, decreased pH, an effect partly associated with decreased ammonium concentrations. This effect was 1) prevented by nitric oxide synthase inhibition; 2) independent of cyclic GMP; 3) associated with an increase in endogenous airway epithelial cell S-nitrosothiol concentration; 4) mimicked by the exogenous S-nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-N-acetyl cysteine; and 5) independent of glutaminase expression and activity. We then confirmed that decreased epithelial pH inhibits human rhinovirus replication in airway epithelial cells. These data suggest that a nitric oxide synthase-dependent host response to viral infection mediated by S-nitrosothiols, rather than direct infection itself, plays a role in decreased airway surface pH during human rhinovirus infection. This host immune response may serve to protect the lower airways from direct infection in the normal host. In patients with asthma, however, this fall in pH could be associated with the increased mucus production, augmented inflammatory cell degranulation, bronchoconstriction, and cough characteristic of an asthma exacerbation.
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PMID:S-nitrosothiols regulate cell-surface pH buffering by airway epithelial cells during the human immune response to rhinovirus. 1660 95

Interstitial lung diseases are primarily attributable to occupational or environmental exposures to dusts and irritants. We report on a case of interstitial lung disease, possibly secondary to iron exposure. Our male patient presented with cough and shortness of breath of more than 20 years' duration after his occupational exposure had ended. A chest radiograph showed patchy shadows throughout both lower fields, and computed tomography showed ground-glass-like opacification, with fibrosis in the lower lobes. A lung biopsy revealed foamy cells in the alveolar spaces, with bronchiolitis obliterans. Microelemental analysis showed an increased level of iron in the lung tissue. After treatment with N-acetyl cysteine effervescent tablets, the patient's symptoms gradually improved. This probable case of iron-induced interstitial lung disease suggests the importance of obtaining a patient's history of occupational and environmental exposures for the sake of an accurate diagnosis.
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PMID:Case of interstitial lung disease possibly induced by exposure to iron dust. 2189 Feb 4

We confirmed that chlorhexidine decontamination yielded more nontuberculous mycobacteria than did the N-acetyl-l-cysteine-NaOH-oxalic acid procedure from respiratory samples of cystic fibrosis patients on solid cultures. However, this improved recovery is mostly balanced if the latter is combined with liquid culture. Furthermore, none of the 145 cough swabs, used to sample young children, cultured positive, suggesting that swabs are low-quality samples.
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PMID:Sampling and decontamination method for culture of nontuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory samples of cystic fibrosis patients. 2404 32

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a variant of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in which the stomach contents go up into the pharynx and then down into the larynx. LPR causes a wide spectrum of manifestations mainly related to the upper and the lower respiratory system such as laryngitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cough, hoarseness, postnasal drip disease, sinusitis, otitis media, recurrent pneumonia, laryngeal cancer and etc. The object of this study was to examine the effect of N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) with and without Omeprazole on laryngitis and LPR. Ninety patients with laryngitis or its symptoms were referred and randomly assigned into three groups. The first group was treated by Omeprazole and NAC. The second group was treated by Omeprazole and placebo and the last group was treated by NAC and placebo. Duration of treatment was 3 months and all patients were evaluated at the beginning of study, one month and three month after treatment of sign and symptoms, based on reflux symptom index (RSI) and reflex finding score (RFS). Based on the results of this study, despite therapeutic efficacy of all treatment protocols, the RSI before and after 3 months treatment had significant difference in (NAS+ Omeprazole) and (Omeprazole+ placebo) group (P<0.001 in the first group, P<0.001 in the second group and P=0.35 in the third group). Whereas RFS before and after 3 month treatment had significant difference in all groups. (P<0.001 in each group in comparison with itself) but this results had not significant difference after 1 month treatment. Our results showed that the combination therapy with Omeprazole and NAC treatment had the most effect on both subjective and objective questionnaire at least after 3 months treatment. Based on the results of the present study, it seems that the use objective tools are more accurate than subjective tools in evaluation of therapeutic effects in patients with GERD-related laryngitis.
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PMID:The effect of N-acetyl cysteine on laryngopharyngeal reflux. 2439 Sep 44

Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating chemical warfare agent with high military significance due to its high toxicity, resistance and availability. SM was widely used in military conflicts, the last being the Iran-Iraq war with more than 100,000 Iranians exposed, one-third of whom are still suffering from late effects. The intensity of the delayed complications correlates to the extent, the area and the route of exposure. The clinical manifestations most commonly involve respiratory, ocular and dermal effects. Respiratory complications include dyspnea, cough and expectorations and various obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Dermal complications are itching, burning sensation, blisters, dry skin, dermatitis and pigmentary changes. Ocular complications include photophobia, red eye, tearing, corneal ulcers and blindness. Although the picture remains incomplete the major mechanisms responsible for the clinical and pathological effects of SM are: DNA alkylation and cross-linking, protein modification and membrane damage in addition to induction of inflammatory mediators in the target tissues causing extensive necrosis, apoptosis and loss of tissue structure. The current report reviews long-term complications of SM exposure, focusing on new treatments tested in clinical trials conducted on humans. Such treatments include: N-acetyl cysteine, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, Interferon-gamma, furosemide and morphine for the respiratory complications. Ocular complications may entail: Invasive procedures treating corneal complication, limbal ischemia and stem cell deficiency. Treatment for dermatological complications include: anti-depressants, pimercrolimus, Unna's boot, capsaicin, phenol and menthol, Aloe vera and olive oil, curcumin and Interferon-gamma.
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PMID:[Long-term complications of sulfur mustard exposure: a therapeutic update]. 2479 66

We show that the physiological activity of solid aerosolized benzylidenemalononitriles (BMNs) including 'tear gas' (CS) in historic human volunteer trials correlates with activation of the human transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 ion channel (hTRPA1). This suggests that the irritation caused by the most potent of these compounds results from activation of this channel. We prepared 50 BMNs and measured their hTRPA1 agonist potencies. A mechanism of action consistent with their physiological activity, involving their dissolution in water on contaminated body surfaces, cell membrane penetration and reversible thiolation by a cysteine residue of hTRPA1, supported by data from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with a model thiol, explains the structure-activity relationships. The correlation provides evidence that hTRPA1 is a receptor for irritants on nociceptive neurons involved in pain perception; thus, its activation in the eye, nose, mouth and skin would explain the symptoms of lachrymation, sneezing, coughing and stinging, respectively. The structure-activity results and the use of the BMNs as pharmacological tools in future by other researchers may contribute to a better understanding of the TRPA1 channel in humans (and other animals) and help facilitate the discovery of treatments for human diseases involving this receptor.
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PMID:Potency of irritation by benzylidenemalononitriles in humans correlates with TRPA1 ion channel activation. 2606 75


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