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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors usually cause severe coughing and intolerance while antagonists for angiotensin AT(1) receptor do not stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO). NO has been shown to regulate arterial hypertension and insulin resistance. Hence, new hybrids of antagonist for angiotensin AT(1) receptor and a NO donor may have potent anti-hypertensive effect and regulate glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. Herein, the effects of [6-(nitrooxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl] methyl 4'-[1-(1,7'-dimethyl-2'-propyl-1H,3'H-2,5'-bibenzo[d]imidazol-3'-yl)ethyl] biphenyl-2-carboxylate (WB1106), a novel NO-releasing derivative of telmisartan newly synthesized, on the vasocontraction, hypertension and diet-induced insulin resistance were examined in vitro using rat aortic strips and in normotensive and spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR rats). Apparently, WB1106 induced the vasorelaxation of contracted rat aortic strips in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which depended on the activity of guanylate cyclase, a characteristic of NO-related function. Furthermore, WB1106 reduced the contractile and blood pressure responses to angiotensin II, which relied on the release of telmisartan. Moreover, treatment with WB1106 significantly reduced the blood pressure with similar potency to telmitarsan and increased the contents of cGMP in SHR rats. Therefore, WB1106 possesses both the angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist activity of telmisartan and the NO-releasing property of a 'slow NO donor'. Importantly, in contrast to equimolar telmisartan, treatment with WB1106 significantly attenuated body weight gains and improved glucose tolerance in high-fat and carbohydrate-fed rats, reflecting a synergistic effect of NO and telmisartan. Potentially, WB1106 may be a potent anti-hypertensive drug for treatment of hypertension and diabetes-related cardiovascular diseases in the clinic.
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PMID:WB1106, a novel nitric oxide-releasing derivative of telmisartan, inhibits hypertension and improves glucose metabolism in rats. 1782 96

Cortex Lycii Radicis (CLR) has been used as a traditional Oriental medicine as an antipyretic and to treat pneumonia, night-sweats, cough, hematemesis, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus for centuries. This study aimed to determine the effects of CLR on alloxan-induced diabetic mice and its mechanisms. Based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assay, the main compounds of CLR include an organic acid, flavone, alkaloid, polysaccharide, anthraquinone, and saponin. The mice were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), diabetes control (DC), diabetes+high-dose CLR (200 mg kg(-1)), and diabetes+low-dose CLR (100 mg kg(-1)). The diabetic mice were administered CLR daily for 28 days. The CLR treatment resulted in significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. CLR also showed a tendency to improve body weight gain in diabetic mice. Furthermore, the serum insulin level of each group was assayed, and the DC group had a lower serum insulin level than the NC group. Insulin levels were dose dependently raised in the CLR-treated groups compared with the DC group. According to single-cell gel electrophoresis and LD(50) analysis, CLR was nontoxic to the animals. The results indicate that CLR alleviates the blood glucose and lipid increases associated with diabetes and improves the abnormal glucose metabolism and increases insulin secretion by restoring impaired pancrease beta-cells in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The results suggest that CLR has hypoglycemic potential and could be useful in diabetes therapy.
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PMID:Hypoglycemic effects and mechanisms of action of Cortex Lycii Radicis on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. 1791 29

A 54-year-old woman complained of dyspnea, cough, and productive sputum. Auscultation detected a wheeze in the left and right lung fields. Chest x-ray and computed tomographic films showed non-segmental infiltration in the left upper lung field. Laboratory data revealed eosinophilia in peripheral blood and sputum, elevated levels of serum interleukin-5 (IL-5), airflow limitation, hypoxemia, and heightened airway sensitivity to methacholine (D min : 0.42 units). Bronchoalveolar lavage disclosed an increase in the total number of cells, a 32% increase in eosinophils, and a decreased CD 4/CD 8 ratio of 0.7. Transbronchial lung biopsy specimens revealed infiltrations of eosinophils in the alveolar and interstitial compartments. The histologic features of bronchial biopsy specimens included increased eosinophils in the submucosa and squamous metaplasia. In addition, blood glucose and HbA 1 c levels were elevated. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia complicated by bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus was diagnosed. Because the patient was diabetic, she was given suplatast tosilate to reduce the production of IL-5, and high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (beclometasone dipropionate, 1,600 mcg/day) instead of oral corticosteroid therapy. Her symptoms were relieved, peak expiratory flow rates increased, serum IL-5 levels became undetectable, airway sensitivity to methacholine decreased (D min : 4.64 units), and the radiographic abnormalities disappeared. Furthermore, treatment with beclomethasone dipropionate was progressively reduced to 1,200 mcg/day over the subsequent year without relapse. It was concluded that suplatast tosilate and high-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy may be an effective alternative therapeutic approach to chronic eosinophilic pneumonia in some cases.
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PMID:[Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia complicated by bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus successfully treated with suplatast tosilate and high-dose inhaled corticosteroid therapy]. 1821 13

Six hundred sixty-five crossbred beef heifers initially weighing 225 kg were used in a completely randomized design to measure plasma glucose, lactate, and urea N concentrations at time of initial processing, determine the incidence of apparent bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in receiving cattle, and evaluate the effect of apparent BRD on subsequent cattle growth and carcass characteristics. Heifers were processed within 24 h of arrival, and processing included vaccination against common viral and clostridial diseases, recording rectal temperature, and sampling whole blood for subsequent measurement of plasma glucose, lactate, and urea concentrations. Heifers were monitored for clinical signs of apparent BRD, including depression, lethargy, anorexia, coughing, rapid breathing, and nasal or ocular discharge. Heifers exhibiting signs of apparent BRD received antibiotic therapy, and the number of times a heifer was treated for apparent BRD was recorded. Following the 36-d receiving period, heifers were transported to native grass pastures and allowed to graze for 136 d. At the end of the grazing season, heifers were transported to a commercial feedlot where they were adapted to a common finishing diet offered for ad libitum consumption. Following the 124-d finishing period, heifers were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Heifers treated for apparent BRD had decreased plasma glucose (linear, P < 0.01), lactate (linear, P < 0.01), and urea N concentrations (linear, P < 0.06) measured at time of initial processing. Rectal temperature measured at time of initial processing tended to be greater (linear, P < 0.11) for heifers treated for apparent BRD. Heifers treated for apparent BRD during the receiving period had decreased overall ADG (linear, P < 0.10), final BW (linear, P < 0.01), HCW (linear, P < 0.01), fat thickness (linear, P < 0.01), and marbling score (linear, P < 0.03). These data suggest that initial plasma glucose and lactate concentrations might be affected by the health status of receiving cattle and that increased incidence of apparent BRD in cattle decreases ADG and carcass quality.
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PMID:Plasma metabolites of receiving heifers and the relationship between apparent bovine respiratory disease, body weight gain, and carcass characteristics. 1882 Jan 62

After more than 80 years of history the American and European Drug Agencies (FDA and EMEA) approved the first pulmonary delivered version of insulin (Exubera) from Pfizer/Nektar early 2006. However, in October 2007, Pfizer announced it would be taking Exubera off the market, citing that the drug had failed to gain market acceptance. Since 1924 various attempts have been made to get away from injectable insulin. Three alternative delivery methods where always discussed: Delivery to the upper nasal airways or the deep lungs, and through the stomach. From these, the delivery through the deep lungs is the most promising, because the physiological barriers for the uptake are the smallest, the inspired aerosol is deposited on a large area and the absorption into the blood happens through the extremely thin alveolar membrane. However, there is concern about the long-term effects of inhaling a growth protein into the lungs. It was assumed that the large surface area over which the insulin is spread out would minimize negative effects. But recent news indicates that, at least in smokers, the bronchial tumour rate under inhaled insulin seems to be increased. These findings, despite the fact that they are not yet statistical significant and in no case found in a non-smoker, give additional arguments to stop marketing this approach. Several companies worked on providing inhalable insulin and the insulin powder inhalation system Exubera was the most advanced technology. Treatment has been approved for adults only and patients with pulmonary diseases (e.g., asthma, emphysema, COPD) and smokers (current smokers and individuals who recently quitted smoking) were excluded from this therapy. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Exubera are similar to those found with short-acting subcutaneous human insulin or insulin analogs. It is thus possible to use Exubera as a substitute for short-acting human insulin or insulin analogs. Typical side effects of inhaled insulin were coughing, shortness of breath, sore throat and dry mouth. Physical exercise increases the transport of inhaled insulin into the circulation and in consequence the likelihood of hypoglycemia. Other problems were the inability to deliver precise insulin doses, because the smallest blister pack available contained the equivalent of 3 U of regular insulin and this dose would make it difficult for many people using insulin to achieve accurate control, which is the real goal of any insulin therapy. For example, someone on 60 U of insulin per day would lower the blood glucose about 90 mg/dl (5 mmol) per 3 U pack, while someone on 30 U a day would drop 180 mg/dl (10 mmol) per pack. Precise control was not possible, especially compared with an insulin pump that can deliver one twentieth of a unit with precision. Another disadvantage was the size of the device. The Exubera inhaler, when closed, was about the size of a 200 ml water glass. It opened to about twice the size for delivery. To our information also other companies (Eli Lilly in cooperation with ALKERMES, Novo Nordisk (AERx, Liquid), Andaris (Powder)) stopped further development and it is unclear whether an inhaled form of insulin will ever be marketed, because of the problems that have occurred. Only Mannkind (Technosphere, Powder) is still working on a Phase III trial. However, our review will briefly summarize the experience regarding inhalant administration of insulin and will describe potential future developments for this type of therapy focussing on the lung.
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PMID:Inhaled insulin--does it become reality? 1921 34

Sphingomonas paucimobilis, a yellow-pigmented, aerobic, glucose non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacillus, is a rare cause of human infection normally associated with immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of bacteraemia and septic arthritis in a 47-year-old diabetic man who presented with septic pulmonary emboli due to S. paucimobilis. The patient had an initial presentation of fever, right knee pain, coughing, dyspnoea and chest pain. The infection was treated successfully by surgical debridement combined with meropenem plus ciprofloxacin, based on the patient's antibiotic susceptibility profile. To our knowledge, this is the first case report for septic pulmonary emboli having arisen from an S. paucimobilis infection.
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PMID:Sphingomonas paucimobilis bacteraemia and septic arthritis in a diabetic patient presenting with septic pulmonary emboli. 1952 66

Adamowicz and colleagues raised the alert in 2007 about patients with atypical hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) primarily misdiagnosed as CDG Ix. We describe a girl with neonatal hypertonia, facial trismus, absent swallowing and coughing reflexes, gastro-oesophageal reflux and sporadically elevated Krebs cycle metabolites and lactate. At 14 months microcephaly and hepatomegaly were noted, with hypertransaminasaemia but normal blood coagulation, glucose, phosphate, and absent urinary reducing substances. Neurological impairment persisted. Because of hepatic and neurological abnormalities with developmental delay, Tf IEF was performed and showed a severe type 1 pattern, resulting in a wrong diagnosis of CDG. Subsequently, an aversion to fruits suggested HFI, confirmed by the finding of ALDOB mutations (p.A150P/p.N335K). The girl improved with fructose-free diet, but liver cirrhosis led to hepatic transplantation. She is now 7 years old with good evolution; facial trismus and hypertonia reversed, but microcephaly persists. Transferrin MALDI-TOF MS characterization revealed underoccupation of glycosylation sites and glycan abnormalities, which reversed with dietary treatment. High maternal fructose concentrations might have caused neonatal abnormalities. Although in our patient's mother there is no fructose accumulation at present, it is possible that increased ingestion of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy, together with her heterozygosity, caused an accumulation of fructose that finally affected the fetus. We also describe slightly abnormal transferrin isoelectric focusing and MALDI-TOF MS patterns of intact transferrin and N-glycans in a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1)-deficient patient. While HFI is a well-known cause of secondary CDG, we found no reports of abnormal transferrin isoelectric focusing patterns in FBP1 deficiency and we introduce this condition as a possible secondary cause for altered transferrin isoelectric focusing.
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PMID:Secondary disorders of glycosylation in inborn errors of fructose metabolism. 1976 53

Eprosartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (angiotensin II receptor blocker [ARB]) used in the treatment of hypertension. In large, randomized trials, eprosartan (with or without hydrochlorothiazide [HCTZ]) demonstrated superior antihypertensive efficacy to that of placebo and, when administered at comparable dosage regimens, had similar blood pressure-lowering effects to enalapril. Eprosartan was generally well tolerated in clinical trials and had a lower incidence of persistent dry cough than enalapril. Eprosartan has a neutral effect on metabolic parameters, such as serum lipid levels and glucose homeostasis, and a low propensity for pharmacokinetic drug interactions. The use of eprosartan or other ARBs in combination with HCTZ tends to reverse the potassium loss associated with thiazide diuretics. Independent of its antihypertensive effects, eprosartan was associated with improved clinical outcomes (primary composite endpoint of all causes of mortality and all cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, including all recurrent events) compared with nitrendipine in a randomized, secondary prevention trial in hypertensive patients with previous cerebrovascular events (MOSES trial). Eprosartan also reduced blood pressure and was associated with a modest improvement in cognitive function in a large observational study in patients > or =50 years of age with newly diagnosed hypertension (OSCAR study). In both of these trials, additional antihypertensive therapy, such as HCTZ, was permitted. Therefore, eprosartan is a useful treatment option in the management of a broad range of patients with hypertension, and its use with HCTZ provides a rational combination regimen.
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PMID:Eprosartan: a review of its use in hypertension. 1991 59

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is indicated in alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and in cirrhotic patients with moderate or severe malnutrition. PN should be started immediately when sufficientl oral or enteral feeding is not possible. ASH and cirrhosis patients who can be sufficiently fed either orally or enterally, but who have to abstain from food over a period of more than 12 hours (including nocturnal fasting) should receive basal glucose infusion (2-3 g/kg/d). Total PN is required if such fasting periods last longer than 72 h. PN in patients with higher-grade hepatic encephalopathy (HE); particularly in HE IV degrees with malfunction of swallowing and cough reflexes, and unprotected airways. Cirrhotic patients or patients after liver transplantation should receive early postoperative PN after surgery if they cannot be sufficiently rally or enterally nourished. No recommendation can be made on donor or organ conditioning by parenteral administration of glutamine and arginine, aiming at minimising ischemia/reperfusion damage. In acute liver failure artificial nutrition should be considered irrespective of the nutritional state and should be commenced when oral nutrition cannot be restarted within 5 to 7 days. Whenever feasible, enteral nutrition should be administered via a nasoduodenal feeding tube.
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PMID:Hepatology - Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 16. 2004 84

(Glucurono)arabinoxylans were extracted from the wheat bran with acetate buffer in the first step (WBH1) and with dilute alkali in the second step (WBH2). In both samples xylose and arabinose dominated, accompanied with smaller amounts of galactose, glucose, mannose and uronic acids mainly in WBH1. WBH1 was free of protein and with low content of phenolic compounds. Fraction WBH2 contained relatively low levels of proteins and about 4.5% of the total phenolic. When tested for antitussive activity, the (glucurono)arabinoxylans exhibited comparable cough-suppressing effect with centrally acting codeine. The observed effects of bronchoconstriction are limiting practical application of WBH2.
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PMID:The pharmacological activity of wheat bran polysaccharides. 2062 47


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