Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

(1) Maraviroc belongs to a new class of antiretroviral drugs designed to block entry of HIV-1 into CD4+ T-cells via the CCR5 coreceptor. It is indicated for combination therapy in treatment-experienced adults infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 that is resistant to multiple antiretroviral agents. (2) Results from two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicate that in treatment experienced patients, maraviroc, combined with optimized background therapy (OBT), significantly decreases the level of HIV-1 RNA in the blood (viral load) when compared with OBT alone. The number of patients achieving undetectable viral loads and CD4+ cell count increases were also significantly higher in those receiving maraviroc. (3) Most patients experiencing treatment failure with maraviroc exhibit tropism changes from CCR5-tropic to CXCR4-using virus, but there is no evidence of disease progression. (4) Adverse effects reported with maraviroc include cough, fever, upper respiratory tract infections, rash, muscle and joint pain, abdominal pain, and postural hypotension (dizziness). No significant increases in cardiovascular events, hepatotoxicity, infections or malignancies have been reported with short-term maraviroc therapy. Several post-marketing studies will assess maraviroc's long-term safety for immune function, liver function, malignancy, cardiac events, and risks associated with changes in tropism. (5) Results from an ongoing trial in treatment naive patients suggest that maraviroc may not be superior in terms of viral suppression to standard therapy, but may significantly increase the number of CD4+ T-cells.
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PMID:Maraviroc (Celsentri) for multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. 1808 Mar 99

Opiates, such as morphine, are typically employed to alleviate acute or chronic pain states. However, there are a myriad of side effects including constipation, nausea, respiratory depression, cough suppression, vomiting, sedation, addiction and tolerance. It has also been reported experimentally and clinically that exposure to opiate can elicit paradoxical pain (opiate-induced tactile hyperalgesia; OIH) in regions of the body unrelated to the initial pain complaint. Several mechanisms have been suggested to be responsible for OIH such as sensitization of peripheral nociceptors, enhanced production/release of glutamate and neuropeptides in the spinal cord, protein kinase C gamma-induced signaling, and/or enhanced descending facilitation of nociceptive pathways from the rostral ventromedial medulla; however signaling pathways known to lead to directly to OIH remain undiscovered. Recent publications from our laboratory and others have discovered a potentially important link to OIH that involves the chemokine (chemotactic cytokine), stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF1 also known as CXCL12) and its cognate receptor CXCR4.
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PMID:Opiate-induced hypernociception and chemokine receptors. 1960 47