Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dry cough is the most common limiting factor of ACE inhibitor (ACEI) use. Generation of NO, a proinflammatory substance on bronchial epithelial cells, is increased by ACEI. Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we tested the hypothesis that supplementing iron, an inhibitor of NO synthase, may reduce the cough associated with ACEI use. The subjects were 19 patients who had developed ACEI-induced cough. After a 2-week observation period, they were randomized to a daily morning dose of either 256-mg ferrous sulfate as a tablet or placebo for a treatment period of 4 weeks. The subjects were requested to fill out a cough diary by scoring the daily severity of the cough on a scale of 0 to 4. Mean daily cough scores for the last week of the observation and treatment period were compared. Changes in blood cell count and serum iron and ferritin concentration between the 2 periods were evaluated. Mean daily cough scores during the observation and treatment periods were 3.07+/-0.70 and 1.69+/-1.10, respectively, for the iron group and 2.57+/-0.80 and 2.35+/-1.22, respectively, for the placebo group, showing a significant reduction in cough scores with iron supplementation (P<0.01) but not with placebo. Three subjects in the iron group showed almost complete cough abolition. No significant changes in laboratory data were observed in either group. In conclusion, iron supplementation successfully decreases ACEI-induced cough. This effect may be related to the decrease of NO generation associated with the inhibition of NO synthase activity in bronchial epithelial cells.
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PMID:Iron supplementation inhibits cough associated with ACE inhibitors. 1175 45

Quinine sulfate, which has been available for many years, has not been implicated definitively in the development of pulmonary toxicity. A variety of adverse effects, however, have been reported with quinine administration. A 45-year-old woman with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis experienced wheezing, severe anxiety, breathlessness, cough, orthopnea, mild fever, chills, and pleuritic chest discomfort after taking a single dose of quinine for nocturnal leg cramps. Radiographic imaging demonstrated diffuse, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates suggestive of pulmonary edema. No cause other than acute quinine ingestion could be identified despite thorough cardiac and infectious disease evaluations. Clinicians should be aware of a possible association between quinine sulfate and pulmonary toxicity.
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PMID:Transient pulmonary infiltrates possibly induced by quinine sulfate. 1206 69

The aim of the present study was to perform a proof of principle study with a new colistin dry powder inhalation system in six healthy volunteers and five patients with cystic fibrosis. All subjects were asked to inhale 25 mg colistin sulfate dry powder. The patients were also asked to nebulize 160 mg colistin sulfomethate as a solution. Colistin serum concentrations were determined as an indirect parameter to compare both forms of administration. Pulmonary function tests were performed. Peak serum colistin concentrations ranged from 14 to 59 microg/l in volunteers after inhalation of 25 mg as dry powder. In patients, peak concentrations ranged from 18 to 64 microg/l after nebulization of 160 mg colistin sulfomethate solution and from 77 to 159 microg/l after inhalation of 25 mg colistin sulfate dry powder. Pulmonary function tests were not significantly different after inhalation of the dry powder by the volunteers nor after nebulization of the solution by the patients. In some patients a decrease in pulmonary function and moderate to severe cough was observed after inhalation of the dry powder. The new colistin inhaler provides an attractive alternative for nebulized colistin and was highly appreciated by the patients. The decrease in pulmonary function and cough in patients is a drawback, which may be overcome by dose reduction and a further improvement of the new dosage form.
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PMID:Dry powder inhalation of antibiotics in cystic fibrosis therapy: part 2. Inhalation of a novel colistin dry powder formulation: a feasibility study in healthy volunteers and patients. 1208 99

Respiratory tract secretions consist of mucus, surfactant, and periciliary fluid. The airway surface fluid is present as a bilayer, with a superficial gel or mucous layer and a layer of periciliary fluid interposed between the mucous layer and the epithelium. A thin layer of surfactant separates the mucous and periciliary fluid layers. The mucous layer extends from the intermediate airway to the upper airway and is approximately 2-10 microm thick in the trachea. Airway mucus is the secretory product of the goblet cells and the submucosal glands. It is a nonhomogeneous, adhesive, viscoelastic gel composed of water, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. In health, the mucous gel is primarily composed of a 3-dimensional tangled polymer network of mucous glycoproteins or mucin. Mucin macromolecules are 70-80% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 1-2% sulfate bound to oligosaccharide side chains. The protein backbones of mucins are encoded by mucin genes (MUC genes), at least 8 of which are expressed in the respiratory tract, although MUC5AC and MUC5B are the 2 principal gel-forming mucins secreted in the airway. Mucus is transported from the lower respiratory tract into the pharynx by air flow and mucociliary clearance. Expectorated sputum is composed of lower respiratory tract secretions along with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal secretions, cellular debris, and microorganisms. Disruption of normal secretion or mucociliary clearance impairs pulmonary function and lung defense and increases risk of infection. When there is extensive ciliary damage and mucus hypersecretion, airflow-dependent mucus clearance such as cough becomes critically important for airway hygiene.
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PMID:Physiology of airway mucus clearance. 1208 46

Derivative spectrophotometric procedures and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of butamyrate citrate (Sinecod, Safarol) in cough syrups have been developed. In the spectrophotometric method, direct measurement of the drug at its absorption maxima is impossible because of interference from different absorbing excipients. Extraction of butamyrate citrate was performed with n-pentane/isopropyl alcohol. Quantification was carried out through the use of 1D derivative at a trough depth of 253.6 nm where interferences from other coextracted compounds are negligible. The extraction efficiency expressed as a % recovery and precision were assessed by fortifying placebo syrup(s) with known amounts of the compound. Also, a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was used with a mobile phase containing 0.015 M aqueous tetraethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, methanol and acetonitrile 40:30:30 adjusted to pH 3.50 with ammonium hydroxide. The retention behavior of butamyrate citrate as a function of both pH and salt concentration in the aqueous portion of the mobile phase was investigated. Quantification was achieved with UV detection at 258 nm based on peak area. The HPLC method clearly separates the analyte from its degradation products derived after storage of samples under different stress conditions such as acid, alkaline, temperature, oxygen and light. The described methods were successfully applied to the determination of butamyrate citrate in commercial pharmaceutical products and in placebo syrups prepared in the laboratory with good accuracy and precision. The results of the present study show that the use of the derivatives and the HPLC procedure provide precise and sensitive methods for the determination of the compound in pharmaceutical formulations.
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PMID:Determination of butamyrate citrate in cough preparations by derivative UV spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. 1272 92

Ephedrine sulfate is a sympathomimetic amine that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. An effective bronchiodilator and weak vasoconstrictor, ephedrine sulfate is used extensively in nonprescription pharmaceutical preparations such as nose drops, cold tablets, cough syrups, and, in particular, asthma relief medicines. Ephedrine sulfate was nominated for carcinogenesis studies by the National Cancer Institute because of its widespread and long-term use for the relief of symptoms associated with asthma. In 14-day repeated-exposure studies, F344/N rats of each sex received diets containing 0-1,500 ppm ephedrine sulfate or drinking water containing 0-1,200 ephedrine sulfate; B6C3F1 mice received diets or drinking water containing 0-5,000 ppm ephedrine sulfate. In the feed studies, the average feed consumption by dosed rats and mice was comparable to that of their respective controls. The average water consumption by rats and mice decreased with increasing concentration of ephedrine sulfate in the drinking water. Thus, subsequent studies used the feed route of administration. Doses for the 2-year studies were selected on the basis of results from 13-week studies in which F344/N rats of each sex were given diets containing 0, 125, 250, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 ppm ephedrine sulfate and B6C3F1 mice of each sex were given diets containing 0, 310, 630, 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 ppm ephedrine sulfate. The major response that occurred during the 13-week studies was compound-associated reduction in weight gain. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of ephedrine sulfate were conducted by administering diets containing 0, 125, or 250 ppm ephedrine sulfate to groups of 50 F344/N rats and 50 B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 103 weeks. The estimated average amount of ephedrine sulfate consumed per day during the 2-year study was 4 mg/kg and 9 mg/kg for low dose and high dose male rats, 5 mg/kg and 11 mg/kg for female rats, 14 mg/kg and 29 mg/kg for male mice, and 12 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg for female mice. Survival of chemically exposed female rats during the 2-year study was greater than that of the controls (control, 27/50; low dose, 39/50; high dose, 39/50); survival of exposed male rats and male and female mice was comparable to that of controls. Throughout most of the 2-year studies, mean body weights of rats and mice of each sex receiving diets containing ephedrine sulfate were lower than those of controls. Neoplasms that occurred in these studies were not considered to be related to administration of ephedrine sulfate. Two high dose female mice had ovarian granulosa cell tumors, and luteomas were found in one low dose and one high dose female mouse. Because of the low incidence, these uncommon, benign tumors could not be clearly related to ephedrine sulfate administration. Ephedrine sulfate was not mutagenic in four strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA1535, TA97, or TA98) with or without Aroclor 1254-induced male Sprague-Dawley rat or Syrian hamster liver S9 activation. Ephedrine sulfate did not induce sister-chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. An audit of the experimental data was conducted for these 2-year studies of ephedrine sulfate. No data discrepancies were found that influenced the final interpretations. Under the conditions of these studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity for F344/N rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sex receiving 125 or 250 ppm ephedrine sulfate in the diet for 2 years.
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ephedrine Sulfate (CAS No. 134-72-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Studies). 1274 22

The case of a forty-six year old, male patient with asthma caused by exposure to dust containing chrome is presented. When the patient was nineteen years old, he started working as a stonemason in a factory. He cut and ground stone with a stone-cutter to make statues and tombstones. Three years after staring to work, contact dermatitis was observed on his arms and hands. Within six years of work, he suffered from chronic coughing. After eight years, he experienced bronchial asthma attacks with wheezing and dyspnea. He had been exposed to dust for eight years before developing asthma. The symptoms increased gradually. He fell into severe asthma attacks causing unconsciousness and dyspnea. Several common therapies were not effective. The characteristics of his clinical course and occupational history suggested that the asthma must be caused by exposure to dust containing metal generated in the factory. Skin Patch Tests (SPT) were performed for cobalt, copper, iron, chrome, tin, and manganese salt. The result of the SPT indicated a strong positive result for potassium dichromate and positive for chromium sulfate, but did not show any indications in the control or for other metallic salt. Fluorescent X-ray analysis detected that chrome was present in the powder dust under the stone-cutter machine. However, the fluorescent X-ray analysis did not detect chrome in the stone materials. It was suggested that chrome must be contained in the metal dust generated from the steel cutter used to cut off and grind the stone. The metal component in the used cutter edge and the unused cutter edge were analyzed with electro-probe microanalyzer (EPMA). The result revealed that chrome was contained in the used, dull cutter edge and not in the new sharp cutter edge. Thus, the patient had been exposed to the dust containing chrome generated from part of the stainless steel of cutter. He had sensitized to chrome and this had caused the occupational chrome-asthma.
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PMID:[A case of chrome asthma induced by exposure to the stone cutter dust]. 1718 17

Abstract A 27-year-old man admitted for high fever, wet cough and abnormality on his chest radiograph. He was diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis, and started treatment with INH, RFP, EB, and PZA. After other examinations, he was diagnosed as having a acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, too. We gave him zidovudine and lamivudine/ abacavir sulfate to treat HIV infection. After starting treatment with anti-tuberculosis drugs his fever alleviated, but after 10 days from the start of anti-HIV drugs, he showed high fever, and abnormality of his chest radiograph exacervated. We diagnosed him as immune reconstitution syndrome, and gave him prednisolone 30 mg/day. His symptoms improved gradually.
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PMID:[A case of tuberculosis showing immune reconstitution syndrome after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection]. 1731 Jul 79

In this study, the effects of atropine sulfate (atropine) on swallowing and cough reflex were evaluated in the two experimental models in conscious dogs. To evaluate the effects of atropine on swallowing, 1 mL of marker (contrast medium) was injected into the pharynx under X-ray exposure to induce swallowing. Baclofen, used as a positive control, caused marker congestion in the upper esophagus. In our experimental model, atropine (0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently increased not only the number of marker congestions but also that of the swallows. In addition, atropine significantly shortened the onset of first swallowing. In the evaluation of atropine effects on electrically evoked cough reflex induced by two electrodes implanted into the trachea, atropine strongly inhibited the number of coughs at 0.01 or 0.05 mg/kg accompanied with 0.01 or 0.05 mg/kg per hour (i.v.), respectively. These findings indicate that atropine has the potential of causing aspiration pneumonia through induction of swallowing disorder and inhibition of the cough reflex.
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PMID:Swallowing disorder and inhibition of cough reflex induced by atropine sulfate in conscious dogs. 1834 13

Clinical features and conventional and molecular diagnostic procedures have been investigated and evaluated for the infection caused by the lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (Nematoda, Strongylida). Individual fecal samples from all cats living in a colony with suspected lungworm infection underwent coprological flotation with sugar and zinc sulfate solution and the Baermann migration method. Also, pharyngeal swabs collected for each animal were subjected to a diagnostic nested PCR assay specific for a region internal to the ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 of A. abstrusus. Eighteen animals were positive at the Baermann method, while 12 and ten out of them were negative when feces were subjected to the flotation with sugar and zinc sulfate solution, respectively. The nested PCR assay yielded positive results when using the pharyngeal swabs from the 18 coprologically positive cats and from six more cats which were coprologically negative, thus indicating an overall infection rate of 24.4%. Twenty-two out of 24 infected cats showed clinical respiratory symptoms and the most common were general respiratory distress, cough, wheezing, sneezing, and nasal discharge. These results indicate that cat aelurostrongylosis is of clinical importance and, thus, needs to be included in differential diagnosis of feline respiratory diseases. The importance of the disease is discussed together with pros and cons of different conventional and innovative diagnostic approaches.
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PMID:Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in a feline colony from central Italy: clinical features, diagnostic procedures and molecular characterization. 1865 Nov 79


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