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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There were two cases of fatal interstitial pneumonia secondary to bleomycin sulfate administration. Although bleomycin pulmonary toxicity is generally thought to be dose-related and occurs infrequently with a total cummulative dose less than 300 to 400 units, the two reactions reported here occurred with doses of 105 and 165 units. Fatal bleomycin-induced pneumonia has been previously reported at these low dosages, and physicians should be aware that this toxic reaction may occur as an idiosyncratic response. Previous thoracic irradiation may be a predisposing factor. Patients receiving bleomycin should be meticulously monitored by interrogation for cough, dyspnea, and chest pain; by auscultation for rales; by serial chest roentgenograms; and by determinations of vital capacity and single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity.
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PMID:Fatal pulmonary reaction from low doses of bleomycin. An idiosyncratic tissue response. 5 5

Airway reflexes are difficult to study in conscious animals because associated changes in ventilation alter intrathoracic airway dimensions. By studying an isolated segment of extrathoracic trachea, we have overcome this problem. In each of 2 dogs, we created surgically an isolated tracheal segment just below the larynx, sealed at one end and tapered at the other to a 3-mm opening via a skin fistula. A chronic tracheostomy was also created near the thoracic outlet. We monitored intraluminal pressure (Pseg) of the isolated segment to reflect changes in smooth muscle tone. During anesthesia, with pentobarbital, gentle mechanical stimulation of the carina, deflation of the lungs, and asphyxia for one min increased Pseg (+9 to +/- 16 cm H2O). Lung inflation and alveolar hyperventilation decreased Pseg (-9 to -16 cm H2O). Five breaths of 2 per cent histamine aerosol increased Pseg (+5 cm H2O) when resting tone was normal. We also coated lumen of the isolated segment with tantalum powder and documented roentgenologically changes in the size of the segment that reflected changes in smooth muscle tone; constriction and dilation in response to asphyxia and lung inflation, respectively, were demonstrated directly by this technique. In conscious dogs, lung inflation decreased Pseg, and carinal stimulation increased Pseg. Instillation of lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine) into the isolated tracheal segment blocked cough caused by mechanical stimulation of the segment, but carinal stimulation still caused constriction of the segment under these conditions which indicated that afferent, but not effrent parasympathetic innervation of the segment had been blocked selectively. Conversely, instillation of atropine sulfate into the isolated tracheal segment blocked constriction of the segment caused by carinal stimulation, but mechanical stimulation of the segment still caused cough under these conditions, which indicated that efferent, but not afferent parasympathetic innervation of the segment had been blocked selectively. We conclude that an innervated extrathoracic tracheal segment constricts and dilates via cholinergic pathways and is suitable for the study of airway reflexes in conscious dogs.
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PMID:A chronic isolated tracheal segment to study airway reflexes in conscious dogs. 46 75

An emplaced laryngo-tracheal electrode-cannula was employed to induce and to measure cough in cats anesthetized with either sodium pentobarbital or Dial--urethane. Carbetapentane citrate, codeine sulfate and dextromethorphan hydrobromide were tested for antitussive action by this method. Relative antitussive potency obtained in order of decreasing effectiveness was dextromethorphan hydrobromide, codeine sulfate and carbetapentane citrate.
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PMID:A new method for evaluating antitussives in cats using an electrode-cannula. 123 69

Inhalation of histamine diphosphate aerosol (1.6 per cent, 10 breaths) produced a 218 +/- 54.6 per cent (mean +/- SE) increase in airway resistance in 16 normal subjects with colds compared with a 30.5 +/- 5.5 per cent increase in 11 healthy control subjects (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference in mean baseline airway resistance between the two groups. Inhalation of saline produced no significant change in airway resistance in either group. Isoproterenol hydrochloride (0.5 per cent, 1 breath) or atropine sulfate aerosol (0.2 per cent, 20 breaths) each reversed and prevented the increase in airway resistance by histamine, indicating that the bronchoconstriction was caused by smooth muscle contraction and that post-ganglionic, cholinergic pathways were involved in the mechanism. In 6 subjects with colds, citric acid aerosol (10 per cent, 5 breaths) caused bronchoconstriction that lasted up to 30 sec after inhalation, a significantly greater effect than that observed in control subjects or in the same subjects after recovery (P less than 0.05). Prior inhalation of atropine aerosol (0.2 per cent, 20 breaths) prevented the bronchoconstriction after citric acid aerosol in all 6 subjects. The threshold concentration of citric acid that produced cough in 7 subjects with colds was significantly lower than that in control subjects or in the 7 subjects after recovery (P less than 0.05), suggesting that the exaggerated cholinergic response was due to a decreased threshold for stimulation of the rapidly adapting sensory receptors in the airways. We have provided evidence that respiratory viral infections that produce airway epithelial damage temporarily cause these subjects to develop more bronchoconstriction after inhaling smaller doses of histamine than do healthy subjects. The fact that atropine prevents this response and that the threshold to cough is temporarily decreased is compatible with our hypothesis that airway epithelial damage by infection exposes and, thus, "sensitizes" the rapidly adapting airway receptors to inhaled irritants, causing increased bronchoconstriction via a vagal reflex. Damage to the airway epithelium may occur as a result of mechanical factors, inhaled chemicals, and pollutants, such as ozone, infections, or perhaps as a result of the action of materials released endogenously (e.g., from mast cells, white blood cells, or platelets). "Sensitization" of rapidly adapting sensory receptors in the airways may be an important factor in asthma and in other diseases of airways.
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PMID:Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infection. 124 26

In a prospective, randomized study, continuous infusion of epidural fentanyl citrate (group E) was compared with patient-controlled intravenously administered morphine sulfate (group P) for analgesia in 66 men after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Although both methods provided satisfactory analgesia, the mean comfort level scores were lower (that is, greater comfort) in group E than in group P at all observation times. The difference in mean resting comfort level scores between groups E and P was statistically significant (P < or = 0.05) at 9 of the 11 observation times. In addition, significant differences in comfort level scores were noted at 8 of the 11 observation times during deep breathing, 5 of 11 during coughing, and 3 of 9 during ambulation. Maximal and minimal comfort level scores recorded by each patient during the course of the study were significantly lower (that is, less pain) in group E than in group P for all four categories of activity. The percentage of patients who reported no pain was significantly higher in group E than in group P at 9 of 11 observation times during resting and 5 of 11 observation times during deep breathing. No significant differences were noted in side effect profiles or duration of hospital stay. In summary, when two effective methods of analgesia used after radical retropubic prostatectomy were compared prospectively, patients who received epidural infusion of fentanyl were more comfortable than those with patient-controlled intravenous administration of morphine, as evidenced by lower mean, maximal, and minimal comfort level scores and a greater proportion of patients with complete relief of pain.
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PMID:A prospective randomized comparison of epidural infusion of fentanyl and intravenous administration of morphine by patient-controlled analgesia after radical retropubic prostatectomy. 143 73

Several years of drought have contributed to the desiccation of Old Wives Lake, a shallow, alkaline lake in southern Saskatchewan. The prevailing northwest wind, which blows across the 177-km2 dry lake bed, has generated airborne sodium sulfate, silt, and clay. Residents have reported nasal, eye, and respiratory irritation. A cross-sectional design that included 300 controls and 300 exposed subjects elucidated the potential adverse respiratory health effects of exposure to blowing alkali salt and dust. An increased prevalence of current cough, current wheeze, chronic cough, chronic wheeze, chronic eye irritation, and chronic nasal irritation was identified in the exposed population. Smoking-adjusted odds ratios were consistent with the prevalence ratios. Lung function did not differ between the exposed and the control populations. Rainfall during the study period reduced airborne dust levels and may have precluded demonstration of previously reported adverse effects.
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PMID:Respiratory health effects of alkali dust in residents near desiccated Old Wives Lake. 144 99

Biomechanical changes in airway cartilage could influence the mechanics of maximal expiratory flow and cough and the degree of shortening of activated airway smooth muscle. We examined the tensile stiffness of small samples of human tracheal cartilage rings in specimens obtained at autopsy from 10 individuals who ranged in age from 17 to 81 yr. The tensile properties of the cartilage were compared with its content of water (%water), glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate equivalents, mg/mg dry wt), and hydroxyproline content (mg hydroxyproline/mg dry weight). The average values for tensile stiffness ranged between 1 and 15 MPa and increased significantly with increasing age [tensile stiffness = 0.19 x (age in yr) + 2.02; r = 0.83, P less than 0.05]. The outermost layer of cartilage was the most stiff in all individuals, and the deeper layers were progressively less stiff. Water content and hydroxyproline content both decreased with increasing age. Thus tensile stiffness correlated inversely with water content and hydroxyproline content [tensile stiffness = -0.83 x (%water) + 16.4; r = 0.82, P less than .05 and tensile stiffness = -342 x (hydroxyproline content) + 25; r = 0.87, P less than 0.05]. Total tissue content of glycosaminoglycans did not change with age, although changes in glycosaminoglycan type and proteoglycan structure with increasing age have been described. We conclude that there are age-related changes in the biomechanical properties and biochemical composition of airway cartilage that could influence airway dynamics.
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PMID:Mechanical properties of human tracheal cartilage. 153 17

Six weeks after receiving a total dose of 20 units of bleomycin sulfate as part of BACOP therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, our patient had dyspnea and cough with marked hypoxemia. Open lung biopsy established the diagnosis of "bleomycin lung," confirmed by postmortem examination. Fatal bleomycin pulmonary toxicity can develop with any dosage, and routine tests are incapable of detecting early, reversible toxicity.
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PMID:Fatal pulmonary fibrosis from low-dose bleomycin therapy. 243 59

Using a simulated cough machine, we analyzed the effect of adding tensio-active liquids as sol phase simulant on the clearance of gel mucus simulant by cough. Polysaccharides crosslinked with sodium tetraborate were used at different concentration as gel mucus simulant. A drop of gel mucus simulant was deposited either directly on the model trachea or on a sol phase layer simulant (2% sodium dodecyl sulfate in water). The clearance of the mucus simulants was quantified by observing the movement of marker particles in the gel layer. The viscoelastic properties of gel mucus simulants were determined by using a viscoelastometer (SEFAM). The adhesive properties were analyzed by means of the platinum ring technique. The wettability of the mucus simulants was quantified by the automatic measurement of the contact angle of the drop of gel on the model trachea. We found that the addition of a sol phase significantly decreased by about 50% the adhesivity and wettability of the gel mucus simulants. This decrease was associated with a marked enhancement of cough clearance, whatever the viscoelastic properties of the gel mucus simulants. These results suggest that the sol phase is essential in bronchial respiratory mucus clearance by the cough mechanism.
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PMID:The role of mucus sol phase in clearance by simulated cough. 261 68

A cross-sectional epidemiological study investigating the respiratory health of children in two Canadian communities was conducted in 1983-1984 in Tillsonburg, Ontario, located in a region of moderately elevated concentrations of transported air pollutants, and in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, situated in a low pollution area. There were no significant local sources of industrial emissions in either community. Seven hundred and thirty-five children aged 7-12 were studied in the first town and 895 in the second. Respiratory health was assessed by the measurement of the forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1.0) of each child, and by evaluation of the child's respiratory symptoms and illnesses using a parent-completed questionnaire. Sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate, and particulate nitrate levels were significantly higher in Tillsonburg than in Portage la Prairie (P less than 0.05), but nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and inhalable particles (PM10) differed little between the communities. Historical data in the vicinity of Tillsonburg indicated that average annual levels of sulfates, total nitrates, and ozone (O3) did not vary markedly in the 9-year period preceding the study. The results show that Tillsonburg children had statistically significant (P less than 0.001) lower levels of 2% for FVC and 1.7% for FEV1.0 as compared with children in Portage la Prairie. These differences could not be explained by parental smoking or education, the use of gas cooking or wood heating fuels, pollution levels on the day of testing, or differences in age, sex, height, or weight. The differences persisted when children with cough with phlegm, asthma, wheeze, inhalant allergies, or hospitalization before age 2 for a chest illness were excluded from analysis. With the exception of inhalant allergies, which occurred more frequently in Tillsonburg children, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and illnesses was similar in the two communities.
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PMID:Respiratory health effects associated with ambient sulfates and ozone in two rural Canadian communities. 272 75


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