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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of 4 comparable communities in central & northeastern Bombay (2 each) among randomly matched 349 subjects in 1988-9, along with ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) & suspended particulate matter (SPM) air monitoring was carried out. The levels in winter were higher particularly for SO2 in Parel (upto 584 micrograms) in Maravali; Deonar showed lower pollution. There were inter-area differences for housing, income, residential history but age-sex differences were small; these were reduced by matching. Clinical respiratory symptoms were higher in Parel & Maravali (cough 12% and 11.2%, dyspnoea 17% & 13.3% respectively). Cardiac problems are commoner in Parel (11.0%). Smoker had cough more often but not dyspnoea. Maravali had a high prevalence for headache and eye irritation (9.5%). Those using kerosene suffered more than those using gas (22.2% as compared to 9.2%) Lung functions (FVC, FEVI) were lowest in Parel for males and in Maravali for females. Expiratory flow rates were lower at Dadar and then at Maravali. Despite lower SO2 pollution, Maravali residents suffered equally as in Parel. This may be due to added effect of diesel exhausts (NO2, SPM) or other unmeasured chemicals.
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PMID:Air pollution related respiratory morbidity in central and north-eastern Bombay. 130 13

The effect of indoor exposure to nitrogen dioxide on respiratory health was studied over a period of 2 yr in a population of nonsmoking Dutch children 6 to 12 yr of age. Lung function was measured at the schools, and information on respiratory symptoms was collected from a self-administered questionnaire completed by the parents of the children. Nitrogen dioxide was measured in the homes of all children with Palmes' diffusion tubes. In addition, information on smoking and dampness in the home was collected by questionnaire. There was no relationship between exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the home and respiratory symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were found to be associated with exposure to tobacco smoke and home dampness. There was a weak, negative association between maximal midexpiratory flow (MMEF) and exposure to nitrogen dioxide. FEV1, peak expiratory flow, and MMEF were all negatively associated with exposure to tobacco smoke. Home dampness was not associated with pulmonary function. Lung function growth, measured over a period of 2 yr, was not consistently associated with any of the indoor exposure variables. The development of respiratory symptoms over time was not associated with indoor exposure to nitrogen dioxide. There was a significant association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home and the development of wheeze. There was also a significant association between home dampness and the development of cough.
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PMID:Respiratory health effects of the indoor environment in a population of Dutch children. 224 Aug 40

During February 1987 an outbreak of nitrogen dioxide-induced respiratory illness occurred among players and spectators of two high school hockey games played at an indoor ice arena in Minnesota. The source of the nitrogen dioxide was the malfunctioning engine of the ice resurfacer. Case patients experienced acute onset of cough, hemoptysis, and/or dyspnea during, or within 48 hours of attending, a hockey game. One hundred sixteen cases were identified among hockey players, cheerleaders, and band members who attended the two games. Members of two hockey teams had spirometry performed at 10 days and 2 months after exposure; no significant compromise in lung function was documented. Nitrogen dioxide exposure in indoor ice arenas may be more common than currently is recognized; only three states require routine monitoring of air quality in ice arenas, and the respiratory symptoms caused by exposure to nitrogen dioxide are nonspecific and easily misdiagnosed.
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PMID:An outbreak of nitrogen dioxide-induced respiratory illness among ice hockey players. 234 11

Nitrogen dioxide is an oxidant gas that contaminates outdoor air and indoor air in homes with unvented gas appliances. A prospective cohort study was carried out to test the hypothesis that residential exposure to NO2 increases incidence and severity of respiratory illnesses during the first 18 months of life. A cohort of 1,205 healthy infants from homes without smokers was enrolled. The daily occurrence of respiratory symptoms and illnesses was reported by the mothers every 2 wk. Illnesses with wheezing or wet cough were classified as lower respiratory tract. Indoor NO2 concentrations were serially measured with passive samplers place in the subjects' bedrooms. In stratified analyses, illness incidence rates did not consistently increase with exposure to NO2 or stove type. In multivariate analyses that adjusted for potential confounding factors, odds ratios were not significantly elevated for current or lagged NO2 exposures, or stove type. Illness duration, a measure of illness severity, was not associated with NO2 exposure. The findings can be extended to homes with gas stoves in regions of the United States where the outdoor air is not heavily polluted by NO2.
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PMID:Nitrogen dioxide and respiratory illnesses in infants. 823 62

In 1994, 16,187 junior high school students were surveyed in Jakarta and surrounding cities, Indonesia, to study the effect of air pollution on respiratory illnesses. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was measured by the filter badge developed by Yanagisawa and Nishimura as a measure of air pollution. The average concentration of NO2 is the highest in central Jakarta and Tangerang (22-30 ppb), the lowest in rural areas (5-11 ppb), and in other cities, 11-20 ppb. Self-administered questionnaires were given to the students in 29 schools to obtain respiratory symptoms of cough, phlegm and wheeze. A significant relationship was found in this study between NO2 exposure levels and prevalence rates of cough, phlegm, and wheezing without cold, which were 27.7 to 38.7%, 15.0 to 21.9%, and 1.4 to 2.9%, respectively. Prevalence rates of persistent cough and persistent phlegm were 7.3 to 10.8% and 4.5 to 5.0% respectively. These rates were higher than those found by other researchers. This difference may be partly due to the survey methods. The more polluted, the higher the prevalence rate of respiratory symptoms.
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PMID:Effect of air pollution on respiratory symptoms of junior high school students in Indonesia. 925 87

Nitrogen dioxide is known as a deep lung irritant. The aim of this study was to find out whether the relatively low ambient air NO2 concentrations in the northern city of Helsinki had an impact on the respiratory health of children. The association between personal exposure to ambient air NO2 and respiratory health was investigated in a 13-week follow-up study among 163 preschool children aged 3-6 yrs. Personal weekly average exposure to NO2 was measured by passive diffusion samplers attached to the outer garments. Symptoms were recorded daily in a diary by the parents. Among 53 children, peak expiratory flow (PEF) was measured at home in the mornings and evenings. The association between NO2 exposure and respiratory symptoms was examined with Poisson regression. The median personal NO2 exposure was 21.1 microg x m(-3) (range 4-99 microg x m(-3)). An increased risk of cough was associated with increasing NO2 exposure (risk ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval 1.00-2.31). There was no such association between personal weekly NO2 exposure and nasal symptoms, but a nonsignificant negative association was found between the exposure and the weekly average deviation in PEF. In conclusion, even low ambient air NO2 concentrations can increase the risk of respiratory symptoms among preschool children.
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PMID:Personally measured weekly exposure to NO2 and respiratory health among preschool children. 1044 21

In this paper, recent reviews of the World Health Organization, other review papers, and more recent literature on the human health effects of current air pollution trends in urban areas are reviewed and summarized as follows: Sulphur dioxide. Some studies, but not others, found associations between sulphur dioxide (SO2) exposure and daily mortality and morbidity. Single-pollutant correlations sometimes disappeared when other pollutants, especially suspended particulate matter (SPM), were included. Cross-sectional studies with asthmatics revealed significant, non-threshold relations between SO2 and decrements of the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Nitrogen dioxide. Weak associations between short-term nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure from gas cooking and respiratory symptoms and a decrement in lung function parameters were found in children, but not consistently in exposed women. With long-term exposure, children, but not adults, exhibit increased respiratory symptoms, decreased lung function, and increased incidences of chronic cough, bronchitis, and conjunctivitis. A causal relationship between NO2 exposure and adverse health effects has not yet been established. Carbon monoxide. Binding of CO in the lungs with hemoglobin in the blood forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), which impairs the transport of oxygen. The health effects of CO include hypoxia, neurological deficits and neurobehavioral changes, and increases in daily mortality and hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases. The latter persists even at very low CO levels, indicating no threshold for the onset of these effects. Whether the relation between daily mortality and exposure to CO are causal or whether CO might act as a proxy for SPM is still an open question. Ambient CO may have even more serious health consequences than does COHb formation and at lower levels than that mediated through elevated COHb levels. Ozone. Short-term acute effects of O3 include pulmonary function decrements, increased airway responsiveness and airway inflammation, aggravation of pre-existing respiratory diseases like asthma, increases in daily hospital admissions and emergency department visits for respiratory causes, and excess mortality. Exposure-response relations are non-linear for the respective associations between O3 and FEV1, inflammatory changes, and changes in hospital admissions, whereas the relation between percent change in symptom exacerbation among adults and asthmatics is linear. Single-pollutant associations between O3 exposure and daily mortality and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases is statistically significant, even in multi-pollutant models. Suspended particulate matter. Associations between SPM concentrations and mortality and morbidity rates are significant. The acute health effects of SPM, even at short-term low levels of exposure, include increased daily mortality and hospital admission rates for exacerbation of respiratory disease, fluctuations in the prevalence of bronchodilator use, and cough and peak flow reductions, as well as long-term effects with respect to mortality and respiratory morbidity. Such effects depend on particle size and concentration and can fluctuate with daily fluctuations in PM10 or PM2.5 levels. The relation between PM10 or PM2.5 exposure and acute health effects is linear at concentrations below 100 micrograms/m3. Currently no threshold has been reported below which no effects occur. The influence of co-polluting gaseous pollutants could explain part of the observed variance in short-term health effects and reduce the contribution of SPM. Lead. The biological effects of lead can be related to blood lead levels, the best indicator of internal exposure. The potential effects of lead in adults and children include encephalopathic signs and symptoms, central nervous system symptoms, cognitive effects, increased blood pressure, and reduced measures of child intelligence. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
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PMID:Air pollution and health in urban areas. 1093 84

The aim of the study was to determine the differences in nitrite, in the exhaled breath condensates of healthy children and those children with asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF) and nonasthmatic, episodic cough. Breath condensates were obtained from 66 children (43 males:23 females, 3.1-16 yrs) and included 29 asthmatics, 12 clinically stable CF patients, 12 children with cough but not asthma and 13 healthy volunteers. The collected condensate was assayed colourimetrically using the Griess reaction to determine nitrite concentrations. Patients with CF (median: 5-95% percentiles; 2.02: 0.43-6.37 microM) or asthma (2.10: 0.63-5.45 microM) had significantly higher levels of nitrite compared to healthy subjects (0.41: 0.13-1.83 microM; p<0.05) or subjects with cough (0.75: 0.03-1.75 microM; p<0.05). Airway inflammation, as assessed by the nitrite in breath condensates, is present in children with asthma and cystic fibrosis, but not those children with nonasthmatic, episodic cough. Nitrite can be conveniently, cheaply and rapidly measured in breath condensates of children as young as 3 yrs of age, and may prove useful for the assessment of airway inflammation in children with respiratory disease.
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PMID:Elevated nitrite in breath condensates of children with respiratory disease. 1193 27

We hypothesized that asthma symptoms and lung function of schoolchildren living in Athens urban area are adversely affected as compared to others living in a rural environment, over a period of 8 years. We recruited 478 and 342 children aged 8-10 years living within a short radius around the urban and rural area monitoring stations, respectively. Respiratory health was assessed by a parent-completed questionnaire in three phases: 1995-1996 (phase-1), 1999-2000 (phase-2), 2003-2004 (phase-3) and by spirometry in phases-1 and 2. Reported asthma and wheeze did not differ in the two areas, whereas cough was more prevalent in the urban area in phase-1. Children from the rural environment had lower levels of percent-predicted forced vital capacity (FVC%) in phase-1 and higher of percent-predicted-forced expiratory flow at mid-FVC (FEF(50)%) in both phases. Independent associations were detected between FVC% as-well-as FEF(50)% and residential area. High FVC% was associated with outdoor systemic athletic activities; there was lower FVC% growth in the urban versus the rural area. Nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide were higher in the urban area, whereas ozone concentrations differed less between the two areas. These results suggest that long-term exposure to urban environment is associated with sub-clinical airway narrowing and slower rate of FVC growth.
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PMID:Different effects of urban and rural environments in the respiratory status of Greek schoolchildren. 1675 61

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between air pollution and respiratory symptoms in young children. A total of 263 children at high risk of developing asthma or atopy were recruited antenatally and all respiratory symptoms experienced by the children were recorded by their parents for five years. Daily pollutant concentrations and meteorological data (ambient temperature and humidity) were collected from network monitoring sites. Logistic regression models investigating relationships between individual air pollutants and respiratory symptoms showed significant associations between Ozone (O3) (1 h and 8 h) concentrations and raised body temperature (lag 0); Carbon monoxide (CO) (8 h) and wheeze/rattle and runny/blocked nose (lag 5 and additive exposure over 5 days); Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (24 h) concentrations and cough (lag 0 and additive exposure over 5 days) and PM2.5 and visibility (BSP) (1 h) with cough (lag 0). These associations were observed even though air pollutant concentrations were below national standards throughout the study period.
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PMID:The relationship between outdoor air quality and respiratory symptoms in young children. 1792 63


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