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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. The effect of breathing an anaesthetic aerosol of 5% bupivacaine hydrochloride has been assessed in dog and man. 2. In the dog, the cough reflex was abolished and the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex severely impaired or abolished; breathing became slower and deeper; no pathological changes were found in the lungs of these dogs. 3. In man, no untoward effects resulted from a 10 min period of aerosol inhalation; there were no systematic effects on airway resistance or lung volumes and the cough reflex in response to either tactile or chemical (citric acid aerosol) stimulation was invariably abolished. The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex was impaired, but this was not associated with any change in resting ventilation. The Ve/CO2 response was enhanced after aerosol anaesthesia; subjects felt an exaggerated dyspnoea. The aerosol anaesthesia abolished the afferent pathway of a reflexly elicited bronchoconstriction in one subject. There was no effect on the ability to hold the breath, or on the quality of the associated sensation. 4. Control aerosols of sodium chloride solution or phosphate buffer produced no effects. Control experiments with intravenous infusions of bupivacaine proved that none of the effects could have been produced by systemic effects of the absorbed anaesthetic. 5. Plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in man did not exceed a recognized toxic level. The experiments demonstrate a safe reversible anaesthesia of the airways in man lasting for a period of 10-20 min.
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PMID:The effect of anaesthesia of the airway in dog and man: a study of respiratory reflexes, sensations and lung mechanics. 127 53

Two cases of broncholithiasis, removed bronchoscopically, are reported. Case 1 was a 38-year-old female who was admitted with hemoptysis. The chest tomogram showed calcification near the right middle lobe bronchus. Bronchoscopy revealed a broncholith in B4. Component analysis showed that more than 98% of this stone consisted of calcium carbonate. Case 2 was a 75-year-old male who was hospitalized because of continuous cough. The chest radiograph showed calcification and atelectasis in the right upper lobe. Bronchoscopically, right B3 was obstructed by a broncholith. After removal of the stone, the distal part of B3 was noted to be filled with pus. Analysis of the stone's composition revealed calcium phosphate (77%) and calcium carbonate (23%).
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PMID:[Two cases of broncholithiasis removed by bronchofiberscopy]. 156 30

Phosphate mining and processing is a major industry in Jordan. In this study of 56 workers in this industry, there was significant occurrence of cough, chronic bronchitis, and abnormal spirometry among smokers (p less than 0.1). There was no correlation between the spirometry, A-aDO2, and chest x-ray changes in this occupational group. Smoking was noted to be more detrimental to these workers than was their occupational exposure. Many parameters must be examined when evaluating this pneumoconiosis.
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PMID:Lung functions in phosphate miners in Jordan: a pilot study. 278 17

1. The effects of nedocromil sodium, sodium cromoglycate and codeine phosphate on citric acid-induced cough have been studied in conscious tracheostomised dogs. 2. Nedocromil sodium (approximately 15 mg given as an aerosol) and codeine phosphate (5 mg kg-1, i.v.) significantly increased the time to the first cough when dogs were challenged with citric acid aerosol. The mean number of coughs in the initial period of coughing fell after treatment of dogs with nedocromil sodium or with codeine phosphate, but this reduction in mean cough number was not statistically significant. 3. Neither sodium cromoglycate (approximately 15 mg given as an aerosol) nor saline had significant effect on a citric acid challenge. 4. It is concluded that nedocromil sodium, but not sodium cromoglycate, possesses an anti-tussive action that may result from inhibition of sensory nerve activity in the lung. Nedocromil sodium may prove useful in the treatment of unproductive cough in situations where the use of a centrally-acting antitussive is undesirable.
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PMID:The effect of nedocromil sodium, sodium cromoglycate and codeine phosphate on citric acid-induced cough in dogs. 283 11

Tracheopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is a rare, but increasingly recognised condition in which there is accumulation of calcium phosphate with benign submucous proliferation of cartilage and bone beneath the tracheal mucosa, often with squamous metaplasia of the mucosal columnar epithelium. This condition is usually asymptomatic, but may be slowly progressive, causing haemoptysis, dry cough and dyspnoea. We report a case of TPO in which there was rapid progression of tracheal stenosis such that the size of endotracheal tube that the upper airway would accept changed from 8.00 mm to 3.0 mm during a six-week period. This extreme reduction in airway calibre had not been detected on spirometry nine days prior to his final admission. This is the first report of such rapid progression of tracheal stenosis associated with TPO.
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PMID:Rapid progression of tracheal stenosis associated with tracheopathia osteo-chondroplastica. 323 Feb 4

1. The chemosensitivity of cough receptors stimulated by inhalation of aqueous aerosols was evaluated in 21 normal volunteers in three experiments. 2. The pH of isotonic saline was altered using small amounts of phosphate or glycine buffers to produce solutions with a pH range of 2.6-10.0. These solutions were nebulized ultrasonically and breathed for 1 min periods by seven subjects in random order and on separate days. Cough frequency during each 1 min inhalation was recorded. Only the two solutions of extreme pH (2.6 and 10.0) caused cough. 3. The effect of altering the osmolarity of the inhaled aerosol on cough was assessed using D-glucose over a range of 77-1232 mosmol/l. Saline solutions over the same range of osmolarity were also tested. The pH of D-glucose was raised to match that of saline by adding small amounts of sodium hydroxide. All solutions were nebulized and inhaled by seven subjects as described above for 1 min periods during which cough frequency was recorded. Forced expired volume in 1 s was recorded after each inhalation and did not alter in any subject by more than 10%. Subjects coughed when inhaling all the D-glucose solutions over the whole range of osmolarity. Cough occurred with saline solutions only at low chloride concentration and at the highest concentration. 4. In order to clarify whether the response to hypertonic saline was due to the high ionic content of the solutions or to its hypertonicity, two other solutions were tested. These were an isotonic and a hypertonic mixture of D-glucose and saline, containing 'normal' (150 mmol/l) ionic content.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of pH and osmolarity on aerosol-induced cough in normal volunteers. 335 9

Vadocaine hydrochloride (2',4'-dimethyl-6'-methoxy-3-(2-methylpiperidyl) propionanilide hydrochloride, OR K-242-HCl; INN: vadocaine) is a novel antitussive compound structurally resembling local anaesthetics. Its antitussive profile was studied in several animal models. In guinea-pigs, vadocaine reduced by about 70% the cough episodes induced by sulphur dioxide or ammonia. The effective dose was 2.5 mg/kg p.o., and codeine phosphate was less effective. In cats, vadocaine (3 mg/kg i.v.) inhibited by about 80% for 10 min the cough reflex initiated by mechanical irritation of the trachea. When vadocaine was given via the vertebral artery, it was about 10 times more active than by the intravenous route. Codeine was 3 times as active as vadocaine by both routes. This result indicates an important central component in the antitussive action of vadocaine. In another cat model, 5 mg/kg of vadocaine was somewhat weaker than 1 mg/kg of codeine in inhibiting the cough caused by electrical stimulation of the laryngeal nerve (Domenjoz' method). In dogs, both oral and intravenous doses of 6 mg/kg of vadocaine and 2 mg/kg of codeine were approximately equiactive, inhibiting by 60-80% the cough induced by electrical stimulation of the trachea. Concentrations of vadocaine in serum were around 1 microgram/ml during oral administration. By both routes, the antitussive activity (inhibition of cough by 50% or more) lasted at least 2 h. Vadocaine caused local anaesthesia in the guinea-pig wheal preparation at concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%, and on the guinea-pig cornea at 0.5%. Duration of anaesthesia was longer than that of lidocaine. Vadocaine did not affect the guinea-pig tracheal strip preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antitussive action of the new anilide derivative vadocaine hydrochloride compared with codeine phosphate in four animal models. 339 94

Vadocaine hydrochloride (2',4'-dimethyl-6'-methoxy-3-(2-methylpiperidyl)propionanilide+ ++ hydrochloride, OR K-242-HCl; INN: vadocaine) is a novel compound with potent antitussive and local anaesthetic action. The antitussive profile of this compound was evaluated in 40 healthy volunteers in double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study design using inhaled citric acid a cough inducer. In Part I, vadocaine was compared in 20 healthy volunteers at two dose levels (10 and 30 mg) with codeine phosphate (50 mg) and a placebo. In part II, vadocaine (30 mg) and a placebo were compared in 20 healthy volunteers. In Part I, no statistically significant differences were found between the 3 compounds tested. However, statistically significant rises from the pre-dose value in the cough threshold stimulus level were observed following 10 and 30 mg doses of vadocaine. Neither codeine phosphate nor the placebo produced any statistically significant change in the cough threshold stimulus level. In Part II, vadocaine at a dose of 30 mg dose was found to be a potent antitussive with a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.0001) as compared with the placebo. The maximum cough threshold stimulus level was achieved 2 h after administration and was 72.6% higher than at pre-dose. With the placebo the cough threshold stimulus level also rose to some extent after 4 h, although the change was not statistically significant. The use of inhaled citric acid in graded concentrations for induction of the cough response was found to be a reliable method when the baseline cough threshold stimulus level is maintained within narrow limits throughout the entire study population.
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PMID:Assessment of the antitussive effect of vadocaine hydrochloride using citric acid-induced cough in healthy volunteers. 339 3

Unpleasant taste is a common feature of cough syrups, particularly those containing codeine. An antitussive compound of codeine sulfate and chlorpheniramine maleate was formulated in a coated drug-resin complex, which prevents release of the active ingredients until they reach the stomach and small intestine. Thus patients do not taste the bitterness of the codeine. A three-way crossover taste test was conducted in 175 volunteers who tasted each of three cough syrups in random sequence, rated the taste of each, and ranked their preferences. The cough syrups used in the study were the aforementioned formulation (CM), promethazine hydrochloride with codeine (PH), and iodinated glycerol with codeine phosphate (IG). Tastes were rated on a scale from +2 (very good) to -2 (very poor). Mean rating scores for each product were 0.97 for CM, 0.14 for PH, and -1.5 for IG. Pairwise comparisons showed statistically significant differences between CM and PH (P less than 0.01) and CM and IG (P less than 0.001) but no significant difference between PH and IG. CM was ranked as most liked by 115 respondents and as least liked by 27 respondents. Reasons cited for this preference were its sweet rather than medicinal taste and its smooth, thick consistency. Bitterness was a common reason for the lack of preference for PH and IG. CM thus was shown to have greater user acceptability than either of the other two cough syrups tested.
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PMID:Taste preference for cough syrups: a comparative study of three codeine-containing medications. 371 18

The effects and clearance of intratracheally instilled nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were compared. Instilled Ni3S2 was acutely toxic to mice. Blood was recovered from the lungs during lavage, pulmonary polymorphonuclear leukocyte cell levels were increased, body weights decreased, and mice appeared clinically sick. These effects were in contrast to TiO2-instilled animals, which appeared similar to phosphate-buffered saline-instilled controls. The clearance of instilled particles from the lungs was examined for both Ni3S2- and TiO2-exposed mice. Particles were rapidly cleared to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract within 15 min; this clearance was nonspecific for Ni or Ti and appeared to be due to the coughing reflex. Significantly less Ni was present compared with TiO2 in mouse lungs at 3 and 7 days postexposure (P less than 0.05), with halflifes for the later clearance phase of 119 and 462 hr, respectively. Much of the early Ni lung burden was cleared to the GI tract, and Ni levels in the kidney and blood peaked at 1 hr. Longer-term Ni clearance rate constants were similar for lung, kidney, and blood and were consistent with the hypothesis that 63Ni was first solubilized in the lung then transported through the blood.
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PMID:The pulmonary effects and clearance of intratracheally instilled Ni3S2 and TiO2 in mice. 380 46


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