Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Current data concerning epidemiology, clinical picture, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of Avian influenza H5N1, data of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of antiviral drugs--neuraminidase inhibitors and M2 channels inhibitors, also the recommendation of WHO for prevention prevalence of infection were discussed in the review. Strategic measures of WHO aims to protect humans from contact with infected poultry, in case of contact, to prevent transmission of this infection from human to human and occurrence of pandemic. Infected birds were the major source of the H5N1 influenza virus among humans in Asia. Mainly humans became infected by eating infected birds, by poor hygiene procedures when cooking infected birds, or by close contact with infected poultry. At present transmission of the H5N1 influenza from human to human by aerosol way hasn't been registered, but ongoing monitoring for identification mutation and adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to human is needed. Season influenza and avian H5N1 influenza differ by the ways of transmission, clinical picture, severity, pathogenesis, response to treatment. Diagnostic of infection is difficult due to non-specific initial symptoms, in most cases disease begins with disturbance of under respiratory ways and in rare cases--from upper respiratory ways. High viral titre is identified in pharynx but not in nose. Initial symptoms of the H5N1 influenza are: fever greater then 38 degrees Celsius, mild cold, cough and shortness of breath, practically all patient have viral pneumonia, later secondary bacterial infection occurs, mild to severe respiratory distress, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Conjunctivitis is rarely diagnosed contrary to season influenza. Sometimes gastrointestinal disorder begins a week early then respiratory symptoms. Complication also includes renal and multi organ failure. The cytokine storm is commonly developed during H5N1 influenza. For treatment and for prevention (under certain conditions) of the H5N1 influenza neuraminidase inhibitors such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) are recommended. Currently circulatory of the H5N1 strains are fully resistant to an older class of antiviral drugs--the M2 channels inhibitors (amantadine and rimantadine). The knowledge of epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, treatment of the H5N1 influenza in humans, in spite of progress isn't complete. Future coordination of scientific investigation of the H5N1 influenza in humans should be provided not only in the countries where infection was revealed, but all around the world.
 ...
PMID:[Epidemiology, clinical picture, prevention and treatment of Avian influenza]. 1657 38

In March 2009, a child in Mexico was infected with novel influenza A (H1N1), otherwise known as swine flu. Otherwise healthy children in that small town came down with it shortly after, as well as others from other countries who had visited Mexico or been visited by someone from Mexico, as was the case in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed the first 2 cases in April 2009 and has been working together with local health departments to do syndromic surveillance. In June 2009, the World Health Organization raised the pandemic alert to level 6. Pandemic H1N1, as it is now called, has infected otherwise healthy people younger than 25 years. Most patients present with fever, sore throat, and cough. Transmission is via droplets; therefore, appropriate precautions should be taken. Antiviral care is usually recommended for those who are hospitalized, and the virus has been found to be susceptible to oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Hospitals should work with local health departments for confirmation of the flu and implement pandemic plans as necessary.
 ...
PMID:H1N1 pandemic: life span considerations. 1989 72