Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been associated with increased incidence of a number of infections, but the mechanisms behind such changes are unclear. Comparison of lymphocyte phenotypes between contraceptive users and nonusers found no difference in either the percentage or absolute numbers of any cell types. Other data, however, suggest differences in natural cytotoxic activity in contraceptive users. Natural cytotoxic activity in normal women has been found to vary with menstrual phase and estradiol levels, being lowest mid-cycle, shortly following peak estradiol levels. OC users, however, demonstrate no variation in either natural killer (NK) cell activity or estradiol levels over their cycles. The authors report their findings from a study comparing 19 OC users and 36 nonusers in NK cell activity, NK phenotype, and illness frequency. Three blood samples were obtained one month apart from each of the female medical student participants. Natural cytotoxicity was tested with a Cr assay, while NK phenotype number was assessed by flow cytometry. Relative to nonusers, OC users had lower natural cytotoxicity and increased frequency of sneezing, gastrointestinal distress, runny nose, sore throat, coughing, and total illness symptoms. No differences were found between OC users and nonusers in NK phenotype number. These findings support the hypothesis that differences between users and nonusers in infection rates may be due to alterations in NK activity.
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PMID:Natural killer cell activity is reduced in association with oral contraceptive use. 777 56

At the two largest open air markets in Kumasi, Ghana, interviews were conducted with 143 women who had at least one child aged less than five years. Researchers wanted to examine their knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children. The women tended to be married, Christian, from the Ashanti tribe, aged 20-29 years, and to have 2-3 living children. 73.4% had a child or children who had suffered from cough and fever within the last six months. 73.4% named exposure to cold as a direct cause of cough. Many women incorrectly blamed worm infestation for causing cough and fever (21%) and constipation for causing cough (25.9%). None mentioned pathogens as a cause of cough and fever. None said that good ventilation and avoidance of overcrowding prevent cough and fever. The more serious the symptoms, the more likely the mothers were to seek treatment at a health care facility (e.g., cough only, 0.7%; cough and fever, 6.3%; cough, fever, and anorexia, 30%; and cough, fever, and lethargy, 57.3%). Common home care practices for treating a runny nose included ephedrine or other types of nasal drops, herbal medicines, antipyretics, and antibiotics. 39.9% would use antibiotics to treat coughs. Honey and cough syrup were often used to treat cough and fever. Some herbal and home care therapies had potentially harmful effects. For example, 25.9% said that they used castor oil and enemas to prevent ARI. The women had an acceptable knowledge score on severity of symptoms (mode = 15/20; range = 11-18). These findings indicate a need for a health education program targeting mothers of children aged less than five years.
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PMID:Maternal knowledge, attitude and practices regarding childhood acute respiratory infections in Kumasi, Ghana. 788 91

Perplexing cases of profuse rhinorrhea may be referred for allergy evaluation as reported in three patients ultimately found to have cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea. Physicians should be alert to this possibility when confronted with patients needing towels to collect nasal discharge, or whose handkerchiefs are limp upon drying. Coughing and choking at night are common. Patients should be asked to lie face down during the course of physical examination, as rate of flow often increases greatly in this position.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: an allergist's perspective. 789 91

This study retrospectively reviewed those pediatric patients of acute lower respiratory tract infection with positive virus identification by direct immunofluorescence assay (Direct IF) from Jan, 1992 to Dec, 1993. One hundred and eighteen patients with 133 positive Direct IF results (107 cases with single virus identified, and 11 cases with more than one) were included. The sex ratio was 1.6:1 with males predominant; age, 22.1 (1 approximately 154.8) (months); duration of admission, 5.7 (1 approximately 69) (days); peripheral white blood cell count, 10,600 +/- 3,800/mm3; C-reactive protein, 17.0 (0 approximately 163.3) mu/ml; body temperature, 37.1 +/- 1.1 degrees C in those cases with single virus. The symptoms were cough 105 cases (98.1%), rhinorrhea 46 cases (43.0%), dyspnea and/or tachypnea 43 cases (40.2%) and diarrhea 15 cases (14.0%). The viruses identified were: Adenovirus (52 cases, 39.1%). Influenza B (45 cases, 33.8%), Parainfluenza 1 (28 cases, 20.1%), Parainfluenza 3 (19 cases 14.3%), Respiratory Syncytial virus (17 cases, 12.8%), and Influenza A (9 cases, 6.8%). The seasonal incidence rates were spring (49 cases, 36.8%), summer (46 cases, 34.6%), autumn (23 cases, 17.3%), and winter (15 cases, 11.3%). The results showed much similarity with others, except the commonest viral type (Adenovirus in this study; Respiratory Syncytial virus in others) and the seasonal incidence rate (higher in spring and summer in this study but not in others). In conclusion, most children with acute viral lower respiratory tract infection had an uneventful course and Direct IF is a reliable method for viral detection in that disease.
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PMID:Study on the children of Kaohsiung with acute viral infection of lower respiratory tract by direct immunofluorescence assay. 798 92

Azelastine is a novel antiallergy medication currently under investigation for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Pharmacologic studies in laboratory animals and in vitro model systems indicate that azelastine exerts multiple actions including modulation of airways smooth muscle response, interference with inflammatory processes, and inhibition of allergic reactions. In a previous controlled clinical trial, azelastine nasal solution (ASTELIN N.S.) demonstrated effectiveness in controlling symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). The objective of this 2-week double-blind, parallel-group study was to further assess the effectiveness of azelastine nasal solution in improving allergic rhinitis symptoms. Two hundred forty-seven patients (> or = 12 years) with symptomatic SAR who satisfied a minimum symptoms score during a 1-week, single-blind, baseline evaluation period were randomized to receive azelastine 2 sprays per nostril bid, azelastine 2 sprays per nostril qd, chlorpheniramine 12 mg bid, or placebo using a double-dummy technique to insure blinding. The primary efficacy variables were changes in Major Symptom Complex (nose blows, sneezes, runny nose/sniffles, itch nose, and watery eyes) and Total Symptom Complex (Major plus itchy eyes/ears/throat/palate, cough, and postnasal drip) severity scores. Patients treated with azelastine nasal solution qd and bid had mean percent improvements in the Total and Major Symptom Complex severity scores that were clinically significant (> or = 50% improvement over placebo) after both weeks, at endpoint, and overall. The improvements for the azelastine bid group were statistically significant (P < or = .05) at all evaluation points. Adverse experiences occurred infrequently, and none was considered serious or potentially limiting to the clinical utility of the nasal solution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effectiveness of azelastine nasal solution in seasonal allergic rhinitis. 807 37

We examined the prevalence of chronic sinusitis among children who presented to allergy clinics with chronic (> or = 3 months) respiratory symptoms. Ninety-one patients, ranging from 2 to 17 years of age with 62% male and 72% white, completed the study. Fifty-nine percent of patients had positive skin test results, and 25.3% had chronic asthma. Paranasal sinuses were examined by coronal sinus computed tomographic scan. Sixty-three percent (58 to 91) had chronic sinusitis, 5.5% (5 of 91) had concha bullosa, 1% (1 of 91) had foreign body, and 19% (19 of 91) had deviated nasal septums. Among symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, postnasal drip, coughing, wheezing, rhinorrhea, and headache, no single symptom was an acceptable predictor of abnormality on computed tomographic scan examinations. Combining the symptoms of moderate to severe rhinorrhea and cough with minimum sneezing had a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 38% in predicting the presence of chronic sinusitis. Allergic rhinitis (p = 0.27), mild deviated nasal septum (p = 0.11), unobstructive concha bullosa (p = 0.13), and passive exposure to cigarette smoke (p = 0.53) were not risk factors associated with sinus abnormalities. Age (r = 0.30, p = 0.004) in pediatric patients with chronic respiratory symptoms was the single risk factor significantly associated with abnormalities on sinus computed tomographic scan. Seventy-three percent of children 2 to 6 years of age, 74% of children 6 to 10 years of age, and 38% of children older than 10 had chronic sinusitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Chronic sinusitis among pediatric patients with chronic respiratory complaints. 825 16

The effect of erythromycin (EM) on mucociliary transport function assessed by saccharin test and clinical symptoms were studied in 19 patients with sinobronchial syndrome (SBS). Before treatment with EM, the mean nasal clearance time (NCT) of SBS patients was 51.9 +/- 40.5 (SD) min, which was significantly (p < 0.01) longer than that of control subjects (12.4 +/- 5.3 min). After 4-week treatment with oral EM (600 mg/day), NCT of SBS patients significantly (p < 0.01) improved (29.2 +/- 34.2 min). In 11 of 19 SBS patients, bacteria from sputum culture disappeared after EM therapy. Frequency of cough and volume of sputum were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by EM therapy. Nasal symptoms (such as nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea) were also significantly (p < 0.05) improved by EM therapy. These findings suggested that disorder of mucociliary transport function was present in patients with SBS, and EM therapy improved this function. EM clinically improved not only the lower airway symptoms, but also the nasal symptoms.
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PMID:[Effect of erythromycin on mucociliary transport and clinical symptoms in patients with sinobronchial syndrome]. 827 5

From 1982 to 1991, we experienced 76 patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia which were confirmed by serologic tests. There were 32 (42%) male and 44 (58%) female patients. One patient had underlying disease of diabetes mellitus while the other patients were in good health. The age ranged from 9 months old to 72 years old. All the patients complained of fever and coughing; 63% had dry cough and 37% had sputum production. Upper respiratory tract complaints such as rhinorrhea, sore throat, or earache were noted in 57% of the patients. Fifty-five percent of the patients had GI symptoms of anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Other complaints included myalgia/arthralgia (29%), headache (30%), and general malaise (32%). Dyspnea (17%) and chest pain (20%) were occasional complaints. Seventy-one percent of the patients had WBC counts < 10000/cu mm and 29% > 10000/cu mm. The mean value of C-reactive protein (CRP) was 53.1 micrograms/ml, while 16% of the patients had a CRP value above 100 micrograms/ml. Thirty-one percent of the patients were noted to have a transient elevation of serum transaminase. Four different patterns of infiltration were seen in chest radiographic manifestation: 1) peribronchial and perivascular interstitial infiltrates (18.4%), 2) nonhomogeneous patchy consolidations (22.4%), 3) homogeneous acinar consolidations (27.6%), and 4) mixed interstitial and alveolar infiltrates (27.6%). Interstitial infiltration was more commonly seen in pediatric than adult patients (46% vs 20%). Other features of the radiologic manifestation were as follows: unilateral lesions in 80% of patients, single lobe lesions in 77%, lower lobe predominant in 69%, pleural effusion in 7%, and radiographic deterioration in 10%. Mycoplasmal pneumonia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonias.
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PMID:Clinical study of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. 832 Jul 55

The aims of this study were to assess whether sodium cromoglycate (SCG) was an effective prophylaxis against both upper and lower respiratory tract signs and to determine factors which affected the site and magnitude of the response to SCG. Sixteen children born prematurely were entered into a randomised placebo-controlled trial at 15 months of age (range 4-31 months). The patients received, in random order, either 3 weeks' treatment with SCG (5 mg) or placebo, both given four times a day by inhalation via a spacer device. Parents were asked to record the occurrence and severity of their child's upper respiratory tract signs; sneezing and runny nose and lower respiratory tract signs; day and night time cough and wheeze. During the active compared to the placebo period there was an overall reduction of 47% and 53% in upper and lower respiratory tract signs, respectively. The magnitude of response to SCG as assessed by either the change in upper or lower respiratory tract signs was not significantly related to the patient's gestational or postnatal age, the occurrence of neonatal chronic lung disease, family history of atopy or the order in which the therapy was administered. We conclude that inhaled SCG may be a useful prophylaxis for both upper and lower respiratory tract signs for children born prematurely and less than 3 years of age.
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PMID:The effect of sodium cromoglycate on upper and lower respiratory symptoms in children born prematurely. 835 25

This case presentation will discuss the pathophysiology of a child in septic shock due to Neisseria meningitidis. The most prevalent nursing care concerns of this case encountered during the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and during the general floor stay will be addressed. The nursing skill required for identifying problems and planning care that clearly fall under the nursing domain also will be covered. In addition, the complexities of this case demonstrate that collaboration between the PICU nurse and the general pediatric nurse is imperative for successful patient outcome. A.W. was a 5 1/2-month-old infant transported to our PICU from a referral hospital in the state. Diagnosis at time of admission was meningococcemia, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, septic shock, respiratory failure, and purpura fulminans. There was a 2- to 3-day history of a runny nose, cough, and vomiting. On the day of admission, A.W. had three seizures and developed a fever and a purpuric rash.
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PMID:Nursing care of a child with meningococcemia. 841 Jun 41


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