Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We evaluated in a double-blind study the bronchodilatory properties of 2-decarboxy-2-hydroxymethyl prostaglandin E1 (PGE1-carbinol), described recently as a nonirritant bronchodilator in animals. Fifteen asthmatic patients received by inhalation single doses of 1, 10, and 30 micrograms PGE1-carbinol, 55 micrograms PGE2, and placebo (10% ethanol in normal saline, which was also used as diluent for the PGs). Such pulmonary function tests as forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and maximal expiratory flow were monitored during 2 hours following inhalation of each compound. 10 and 30 micrograms PGE1-carbinol produced significant but short-acting bronchodilation, similar to that caused by 55 micrograms PGE2. One-third of the patients reported mild cough and throat irritation during and shortly after inhalation of 30 micrograms PGE1-carbinol or 55 micrograms PGE2. Placebo and 1 microgram PGE1-carbinol produced minimal side effects, but neither agent caused bronchodilation. In an adjunctive, unblinded trial, the same patients received 400 micrograms fenoterol. Fenoterol caused greater bronchodilation 15 and 30 minutes after inhalation than did the PGs in the double-blind study.
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PMID:Bronchodilatory properties of 2-decarboxy-2-hydroxymethyl prostaglandin E1. 385 12

Significant concentration responses were observed in FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75, SGaw, IC, and TLC in 20 healthy, nonsmoking volunteers exposed randomly to 0.00, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 ppm O3. In addition, significant response changes for FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75 were shown with time over the 2-h exposure. Intermittent, heavy exercise (VE, 68 L/min) lasting 14 min was employed every 30 min during exposure. Inspection of the concentration and time response curves suggests that the threshold for the group response is at or below 0.15 ppm O3. Six subjects experienced decreases greater than 5% in FEV1 or greater than 15% in SGaw at 0.15 ppm. This concentration is only slightly higher than the 1-h O3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard. A dose-related response was also seen for cough, nose and throat irritation, and chest discomfort. The work load, length of exposure, and individual sensitivity must be considered for establishing a safe O3 exposure level.
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PMID:Ozone response relationships in healthy nonsmokers. 401 70

Budesonid is a topical corticosteroid for application by inhalation with a high anti-inflammatory effect. 25 patients (15 women, 10 men, average age 45.3 years) with intrinsic asthma requiring corticosteroids were treated for an average of 36 days with budesonid (Pulmicort dosage aerosol, Astra Sweden) in a dose of 3 X 400 micrograms per day. The basic therapy with beta sympathicomimetics, theophylline preparations and systemic corticosteroids was continued. Changes in the plasmacortisol level (PCS) and the course of the asthma were studied under reduction of the systemic corticosteroid dosage. The mean reduction in dosage of the systemic corticosteroid achieved was almost 2/3 of the initial dosage (p 0.001). The pathologically reduced PCS at the start of the study normalized in 13 patients (52%) to values within the standard range. A significant (p 0.001) mean increase in PCS of 43% was achieved. The eosinophils in the blood underwent no significant change. The peak flow improved by a mean 26% (p 0.001) with respect to the initial values. Despite a reduction in systemic corticosteroids, the symptoms of breathlessness, coughing and expectoration improved or declined practically without exception. Apart from some temporary hoarseness and throat irritation in 5 patients, there were no undesired side effects or incompatibility.
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PMID:[Results of treatment with budesonide (Pulmicort) in corticosteroid-dependent intrinsic asthma]. 408 78

The comparative actions of inhaled leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene D4 (LTD4), and histamine were studied in six normal subjects. LTC4 and LTD4 were shown to be more potent bronchoconstrictors than histamine, with a more sustained action. LTC4 and LTD4 caused wheezing without cough or throat irritation and were shown to act on large and small airways.
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PMID:Comparative effects of inhaled leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and histamine in normal human subjects. 646 29

Oral corticosteroids may be life-saving for symptoms of acute asthma, and short courses are often useful to relieve even less serious acute exacerbations when the patient has become inadequately responsive to bronchodilators. Adverse effects are rarely if ever associated with short courses of steroids used for this purpose. Long-term use of oral corticosteroids, however, are associated with a variety of well-established toxic effects. The safe and effective use of oral corticosteroids in substantial doses given every other morning for various steroid-responsive diseases has been described in numerous studies since 1963. Among children with chronic asthma, suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by alternate day prednisone in mean doses of 30 mg was found not to exceed that which occurred with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate at doses averaging 550 micrograms/day. Growth was also similar in the 2 groups of patients. A few patients receiving alternate-day prednisone gained excessive weight, but this was not a clinical problem for most. Alternate-day prednisone is easier to administer, is associated with better compliance, and costs less than the inhaled steroid. Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate is more bother, causes cough and throat irritation in some patients, and cannot be administered to very young children. Alternate-day prednisone, given as a single dose every other morning, and the new generation of inhaled steroids such as inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate are alternative means of providing safe and effective treatment with long-term corticosteroid therapy.
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PMID:Safety of oral corticosteroids. 695 91

Diesel exhaust is a common air pollutant and work exposure has been reported to cause discomfort and affect lung function. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental setup which would allow investigation of acute effects on symptoms and lung function in humans exposed to diluted diesel exhaust. Diluted diesel exhaust was fed from an idling lorry through heated tubes into an exposure chamber. During evaluations of the setup we found the size and the shape of the exhaust particles to appear unchanged during the transport from the tail pipe to the exposure chamber. The composition of the diesel exhaust expressed as the ratios CO/NO, total hydrocarbons/NO, particles/NO, NO2/NO, and formaldehyde/NO were almost constant at different dilutions. The concentrations of NO2 and particles in the exposure chamber showed no obvious gradients. New steady state concentrations in the exposure chamber were obtained within 5-7 min. In a separate experiment eight healthy nonsmoking subjects were exposed to diluted exhaust at a median steady state concentration of 1.6 ppm NO2 for the duration of 1 h in the exposure chamber. All subjects experienced unpleasant smell, eye irritation, and nasal irritation. Throat irritation, headache, dizziness, nausea, tiredness, and coughing were experienced by some subjects. Lung function was not found to be affected during the exposure. The experimental setup was found to be appropriate for creating different predetermined steady state concentrations in the exposure chamber of diluted exhaust from a continuously idling vehicle. The acute symptoms reported by the subjects were relatively similar to what patients reported at different workplaces.
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PMID:Evaluation of an exposure setup for studying effects of diesel exhaust in humans. 780

Monitoring by means of blood and urine analysis for methanol was successfully applied in 32 male workers who were exposed to methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer at 6 ppm as a geometric mean and at 112 ppm as the maximum. Measurement of time-weighted average (TWA) intensity of the vapor exposure was successfully conducted with a diffusive sampler with activated carbon cloth as an adsorbent. Methanol concentrations in whole blood, serum, and urine samples were measured by headspace gas chromatography. The methanol concentrations in the three biological samples collected at the end of 8-h workshifts related linearly with the TWA MMA vapor concentrations, with correlation coefficients of 0.8-0.9. Quantitative evaluation of MMA in vapor and of methanol in urine suggests that only 1.5% of MMA inhaled will be excreted in urine as methanol. There were no significant clinical symptoms or abnormal hematological or serum biochemical findings at this exposure level, except that some workers complained throat irritation and frequent cough and sputa. The results indicate that biological monitoring by analysis for methanol is sensitive enough to detect MMA exposure at levels at which no serious health effects are to be expected.
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PMID:Biological monitoring and possible health effects in workers occupationally exposed to methyl methacrylate. 814 32

A mixture of paraquat and water was applied, by helicopter, to agricultural fields near a residential community and near an associated commercial complex. Drift from the application passed directly over the community, which resulted in resident complaints to the local county agricultural department. A community survey was undertaken to determine what health consequences, if any, resulted from the drift. A comparison of 2-wk self-reported symptom rates between the exposed community and three historical control communities indicated that 10 symptoms were elevated significantly at p < .05: cough, diarrhea, eye irritation, headache, nausea, rhinitis, throat irritation, trouble breathing, unusual tiredness, and wheezing. An internal comparison, which predicted symptom rates by an index of paraquat exposure (smelling an unusual odor in the prior 2-wk period), indicated fever (relative risk [RR] = 11.97) and nausea (RR = 3.75) to have elevated relative risks. Odor perception also predicted the report of a greater than the average number of symptoms. Based upon these findings, it was concluded that these residents probably did experience an increase in health symptoms from the drift. It is recommended that paraquat not be sprayed near residential communities.
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PMID:Community exposure to a paraquat drift. 845 99

The evaluation of adverse health effects resulting from exposure to relatively low levels of ambient air pollution is currently a major concern. By using methodology that directly addressed the time series nature of data, this study investigated the association between ambient air pollution and respiratory symptoms and eye, nose, throat irritation symptoms. Health effects were determined by using the air quality data from ambient monitoring stations located within the Hiroshima Prefecture area. The air pollution data chosen for this study were the mean of annual average concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and photochemical oxidants (Ox). The health data were extracted from the Hiroshima Community Health Study conducted in the cities of Otake, Kure, Takehara, Mihara, Fukuyama and Kaita Town during 1977-1992. The Community Health Study data were obtained by using a Japanese translation of the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) Questionnaire. The analysis was limited to the investigation of the health symptoms reported by subjects and the mean annual average concentrations of ambient air pollution in each study area. The results indicated a significant association between SO2 levels and lacrimacy symptoms (p < 0.05), runny nose (p < 0.05) and cough symptoms (p < 0.05). This study also found a significant association between O(x) and phlegm symptoms reported by the subjects (p < 0.01). In contrast, the results found that there was a negative correlation between NO2 levels and phlegm symptoms reported by subjects. In conclusion, moderate annual changes in SO2 and O(x) levels induce a significant increase of health symptoms in the local community.
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PMID:Trend of air pollution and its effect on human health in Hiroshima Prefecture--a retrospective study in the cities of Otake, Kure, Mihara, Takehara, Fukuyama and Kaita Town, 1977-1992. 881 Jan 30

This cross-sectional study was designed to assess differences in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function between machine operators exposed to semisynthetic or soluble metal-working fluids (MWFs) and unexposed assemblers and to assess exposure-response relationships with MWF type, total aerosol, endotoxin, culturable bacteria and fungi. We evaluated 183 machine operators and 66 assemblers from one large automobile transmission plant using questionnaires, spirometry data, and cross-shift assessment of both lung function and respiratory symptoms. We found that airborne exposures to total aerosol, endotoxin, culturable bacteria and fungi were higher in machine operations than in the assembly area. There was a correlation between bulk and airborne culturable bacteria, but not between bulk and airborne culturable fungi. Machine operators had significantly more usual cough, usual phlegm, work-related chest tightness and post-shift symptoms of chest tightness, throat irritation, and cough compared with assemblers. We found exposure-response relationships between respiratory symptoms and total aerosol, as well as culturable fungi and bacteria. Associations with endotoxin were not strong or consistent, possibly because airborne levels were generally low. Cross-shift lung function decrements did not differ between machine operators and assemblers and there were no associations with MWF or specific exposures. The finding of respiratory symptoms at low levels of exposure in this study suggests the need to re-assess total aerosol thresholds. Associations between airborne fungal exposures and respiratory symptoms need further study to characterize sources of exposure other than MWF in machining operations.
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PMID:Respiratory symptoms and lung function abnormalities among machine operators in automobile production. 909 54


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