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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A joint pilot project between the Ministry of Health and the Dept. of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, to test the value of village aides in extending the health care system into isolated Iban communities was begun in May 1979 in the Entabai District of Sarawak. A group of 15 village aides consisting of 11 traditional Iban manangs (medicine men) and 4 youths were trained to provide primary health care including simple curative care, preventive care, and to assist in the detection of malaria. Evaluation carreid out 2 years later showed the following. With regard to curative care, the village aides were each, on the average, treating 70.6 patients/month, the most common complaint being headache (30.4%), which along with abdominal pain, constipation, bodyache, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, worm infections, cough, and sore throat, accounted for 89% of all illnesses seen by them. Subsequent to the introduction of village aides in the project area, the number of seriously ill patients requiring admission to the rest beds of the klinik desa dropped by 43.8% and the number of emergency referrals to the backup divisional hospitals fell by 46.1% showing that patients were coming to the klink desa for treatment at an earlier stage. The 11 traditional Iban manangs, who had recently received training had, on their own accord, drastically reduced the use of traditional Iban modes of therapy in preference for modern medicine. During the 24 months immediately after the introduction of village aides into Entabai, 9 gravity feed water supply systems together with related health packages advocating general cleanliness, the use of latrines, and fences were affected, whereas only 6 such systems were installed in the previous 24 months, indicating that it is likely that the village aides were of some assistance in mobilizing the community with respect to self-help efforts. During the same period, the majority of longhouses in the area successfully established a number of vegetable gardens growing foods for home consumption, and continue to vigorously advocate breastfeeding of infants in opposition to bottlefeeding. During the 23 months after village aides were introduced, a total of 1093 blood films were collected by the 15 village aides, the average number of blood films/village aide being 3.2 blood slides/month. Village aides are socially accepted by the Iban community who utilize their curative skills when mild illness disturb them, but who proceed directly to the klinik desa when more serious illness such as fever strike. The project has established clear lines of communication between the health team and the community, and has stimulated the community to organize itself to achieve an increasingly high level of health through community participation and self-reliance. Plans have been approved in principle to train a further 2000 village aides in primary health care for the state of Sarawak.
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PMID:A primary health care project in Sarawak. 712 43

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of air pollution on acute respiratory illness (ARI). Levels of air pollutants were monitored on a daily 24-hour basis at two schools in Akron, Ohio. The children at each school completed daily diaries which served as a screening mechanism for detecting ARI. Once an ARI was isolated, pulmonary function tests (PFT) were run during the symptomatic phase; once the child became asymptomatic, tests were continued for 2 wk. The results of this study indicate that SO2 and NO2 levels are higher at the school that borders industry. Results of daily diaries indicate a higher incidence of symptoms-especially cough, runny nose, and sore throat-in the polluted area. Pulmonary function tests indicate that respiratory airways are being compromised to a much greater extent at the polluted school, as indicated by significantly reduced levels of forced expiratory volume and maximal midexpiratory flow as compared to baseline. Recent evidence suggests that frequency and severity of ARI in childhood are related to chronic obstructive lung disease as adults. In lieu of these findings, it is suggested that the levels of SO2 and NO2 in urban areas be carefully considered, as they relate to acute subclinical syndromes and chronic clinical respiratory disease.
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PMID:The University of Akron study on air pollution and human health effects II. Effects on acute respiratory illness. 729 89

Free formaldehyde may be released from wood products and foam insulation where urea-formaldehyde resins have been used. From January, 1978 to November, 1979, 100 structures were investigated by the Wisconsin Division of Health after receiving complaints of health problems from occupants. Air samples were collected in midget impingers and analyzed for formaldehyde content by the chromotropic acid procedure. Health information was obtained from the occupants via questionnaires. Mean formaldehyde concentration observed ranged from below the limit of detection to 3.68 ppm. Eye irritation, burning eyes, runny nose, dry or sore throat, headache, and cough were the primary symptoms which were reported by the occupants. Statistically significant associations were seen between formaldehyde levels and age of home/building materials. Observations presented suggest nonoccupational, indoor environmental exposure to formaldehyde is significant and may reach levels which exceed occupational exposure standards.
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PMID:Formaldehyde exposure in nonoccupational environments. 731 64

The early clinical features, primary care, treatment and short-term prognosis in 15 cases of acute myocarditis where diagnostic confirmation was made by endomyocardial biopsy or autopsy were analyzed. Characteristically, idiopathic myocarditis of possible viral etiology revealed preceding symptoms which consisted of flu-like symptoms, i.e., fever, upper respiratory infection (sore throat, cough), myalgia or arthralgia, general malaise, and gastrointestinal disorders (vomiting, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain and soft stool). A severe cardiac or generalized disease condition may follow. Depending upon the progress of intensive medical and cardiac care, the patients' prognosis is not always poor. Diagnostic criteria based upon our own experience have been constructed as a proposal.
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PMID:Early clinical profiles of cases with histopathologically proven acute idiopathic myocarditis and a proposal for diagnostic criteria. 732 Nov 52

During an outbreak of influenza A, seven patients with Reye's syndrome and 16 ill classmate control subjects were evaluated for characteristics of the patients' prodromal illness and the control subjects illness and for medication usage. Patients during the prodrome and control subjects had similar rates of sore throat, coryza, cough, headache, and gastrointestinal complaints except for documented fever which occurred significantly more often in patients than in control subjects (P = .05). While medications which did not contain salicylate were taken as frequently by patients as control subjects, patients took more salicylate-containing medications than did control children (P < .01). All seven patients took salicylate whereas only eight of 16 control subjects did so (P < .05). Patients took larger doses of salicylate than did the entire control group (P < .01). When the eight control subjects who took salicylate were compared with the patients, the patients still tended to take larger doses (P = .08). Patients with fever took salicylate more frequently than control subjects with fever (P < .01). In addition, salicylate consumption was correlated with severity of Reye's syndrome (P < .05). It is postulated that salicylate, operating in a dose-dependent manner, possibly potentiated by fever, represents a primary causative agent of Reye's syndrome.
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PMID:Reye's syndrome and salicylate use. 745 76

Cerebellar and thalamic stimulation has been known for many years to improve control of epileptic seizures. In the past few years electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been introduced and has been effective in controlling seizures in animal models. These encouraging results led to the development of a transcutaneous programmable pulse generator and electrode lead for human use. 2 pilot studies and a multicenter, prospectively-randomized, parallel, double-blind study of patients with refractory partial seizures were performed. In a 3-22 month follow-up, in about 50% of patients seizures were reduced by 30-50%. There were no significant complications of the implant. Side-effects associated with VNS included intermittent hoarseness, coughing and throat pain. Additional controlled clinical trials with many patients and long follow-up are needed. We report 2 patients, the first in Israel, who underwent VNS.
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PMID:[Vagus nerve stimulation for partial seizures]. 755 11

Acid anhydrides are low-molecular-weight chemicals known to cause respiratory irritancy and allergy. Skin allergy has on rare occasions been reported. 2 workers contracted hives and itching on uncovered skin after 2 months exposure to methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA) and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), to which they had airborne exposure. Later, the patients also developed conjunctivitis, rhinitis, sore throat, cough or asthma. In addition to MTHPA, 1 worker was also exposed to unsaturated polyester resin (UP). Both patients' immediate allergy to MTHPA and MHHPA was verified by positive prick tests to MTHPA and MHHPA, conjugated with human serum albumin (HSA), and positive radioallergosorbent tests (RASTs) to these anhydrides. On prick testing, both patients also reacted to a phthalic anhydride (PA)-HSA-conjugate and 1 of the patients to UP-HSA-conjugate. Specific immediate allergy to UP was shown by RAST. RAST inhibition with MTHPA, MHHPA and UP-resin conjugates confirmed IgE-mediated allergy and cross-reactivity between anhydrides. Our patients had developed airborne contact urticaria caused by phthalic anhydrides, in addition to respiratory allergy. Phthalic anhydride contained in the UP resin was possibly responsible for the immediate reaction of the skin.
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PMID:Immunologic contact urticaria due to airborne methylhexahydrophthalic and methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydrides. 760 Jul 75

Symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) and infection were recorded daily in 283 hikers walking the Mount Everest base camp trek in the Nepal Himalaya. Some 57% of subjects developed AMS, and 87% experienced at least one symptom of infection during the study period. Coryza (75%), cough (42%), sore throat (39%), and diarrhea (36%) were especially prevalent. All symptoms of infection were more prevalent among those with AMS. The incidence of AMS was greater among those with more symptoms of infection (p = 0.00004), and the number of symptoms of infection experienced with positively correlated with AMS score (rs = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.52). These results suggest that symptoms of infection are common at high altitude and are associated with a higher incidence of AMS. People with infections should ascend at a slower rate at high altitude.
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PMID:Symptoms of infection and altitude illness among hikers in the Mount Everest region of Nepal. 772 79

Oral contraceptive (OC) use has been associated with increased incidence of a number of infections, but the mechanisms behind such changes are unclear. Comparison of lymphocyte phenotypes between contraceptive users and nonusers found no difference in either the percentage or absolute numbers of any cell types. Other data, however, suggest differences in natural cytotoxic activity in contraceptive users. Natural cytotoxic activity in normal women has been found to vary with menstrual phase and estradiol levels, being lowest mid-cycle, shortly following peak estradiol levels. OC users, however, demonstrate no variation in either natural killer (NK) cell activity or estradiol levels over their cycles. The authors report their findings from a study comparing 19 OC users and 36 nonusers in NK cell activity, NK phenotype, and illness frequency. Three blood samples were obtained one month apart from each of the female medical student participants. Natural cytotoxicity was tested with a Cr assay, while NK phenotype number was assessed by flow cytometry. Relative to nonusers, OC users had lower natural cytotoxicity and increased frequency of sneezing, gastrointestinal distress, runny nose, sore throat, coughing, and total illness symptoms. No differences were found between OC users and nonusers in NK phenotype number. These findings support the hypothesis that differences between users and nonusers in infection rates may be due to alterations in NK activity.
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PMID:Natural killer cell activity is reduced in association with oral contraceptive use. 777 56

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum was found in 1.4% and beta-haemolytic streptococci in 23% of throat cultures from army conscripts with sore throat (n = 498). 38% of the beta-haemolytic streptococci were of group A. Patients culture-positive for A. haemolyticum or beta-haemolytic streptococci had pharyngeal exudate, cervical lymphadenopathy and ear ache significantly more often--but cough less often--than culture-negative patients. The pharyngeal colonization rate of healthy conscripts (n = 232) by A. haemolyticum was 0.4% and by beta-haemolytic streptococci, 6.5%.
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PMID:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum and streptococcal pharyngitis in army conscripts. 778 7


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