Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The etiologic agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in hospitalized children were compared for 1995 and 1988. Between May 1994 to April 1995, 397 children were admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital for acute LRTI compared to 240 children in 1988. The following criteria for LRTI were used: (i) age less than 12 years with a community-acquired LRTI; (ii) presence of cough or fever of less than 2 weeks' duration; and (iii) presence of tachypnea, chest retractions or pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray. Sputum cultures were considered suitable for culture if there were less than 25 epithelial cells per low power field. Moraxella catarrhalis was considered only if heavy growth of more than 3+ was seen. Etiological agents were found in about 70% of patients in both studies. Viruses constituted 41.3% of the etiologic agents in 1995 but constituted only 28% in 1988; 36% had a bacterial etiology in 1995 compared to 15% in 1988. The most common bacteria in 1995 was M. catarrhalis (34.7%) followed by non-type B Haemophilus influenzae (33%). In contrast, in 1988, Mycoplasma (33%) was the predominant organism followed by H. influenzae (17%) and M. catarrhalis (11.4%). The increased incidence of M. catarrhalis could be due to antibiotic selection. A mixed viral-bacterial etiology was found in 12.3% of the 1995 cohort. The majority of the bacteria were positive by sputum cultures; only 4 (3.3%) had positive blood cultures. No penicillin resistance was detected in 1988; however, in 1995, penicillin resistance was found in 17% of the Streptococcus pneumoniae, 38.5% of H. influenzae and 83% of M. catarrhalis. It was also found that 30% of the S. pneumoniae were also resistant to erythromycin, and 23% were resistant to sulfamethoxaxole-trimethoprim; 5% of the H. influenzae had multiple resistance to erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and chloramphenicol. Among those patients with antibiotic resistance, 30% had received prior antibiotics of which 18% had had two or more antibiotics, frequently erythromycin or amoxycillin/ampicillin. Judicious use of antibiotics is required to check the rising trend of antibiotic resistance.
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PMID:The changing trend in the pattern of infective etiologies in childhood acute lower respiratory tract infection. 924 92

Vagal afferentation from the lungs is mediated via various types of nerve fibers and is a prerequisite of numerous pulmonary reflexes. A review of studies on the morphology and functional examination of pulmonary vagal receptors is presented. Apart from the most frequently studied pulmonary stretch receptors also the role of irritant receptors and C-fibers is described. It is difficult to verify in man findings from animal experiments. Therefore, the studies testing the existence of pulmonary vagal reflexes in man are emphasised in the review. The importance of vagus nerves in cough, breathlessness, tachypnoea, in the control of the work of breathing and in the pattern of breathing is mentioned.
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PMID:[Pulmonary vagal afferents in man]. 929 14

The case of a 3-month-old boy with lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is reported. He had cough and tachypnea, his weight gain was poor and a chest radiograph showed microgranular shadows in almost all lung areas. Histological investigations revealed severe cellular infiltration by a variety of lymphoid and plasma cells with lymphoid follicle formation in the alveolar walls and also around the bronchioles. Foamy macrophages, a few lymphocytes and exudate filled the alveolar spaces. Epithelial cells lining the air spaces expressed human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR. Lymphocytes and macrophages in the alveolar spaces expressed transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta strongly. Serum TGF-beta 1 concentrations were measured eight times during the course of his illness. They exceeded the upper end of the normal range in four samples and were within it in the others. These results suggested that dysfunction of the immune system, especially abnormal expression of HLA-DR in non-immune cells and exaggerated production of TGF-beta played important roles in the pathogenesis of LIP in this patient.
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PMID:A case of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia in a 3-month-old boy not associated with HIV infection: immunohistochemistry of lung biopsy specimens and serum transforming growth factor-beta 1 assay. 936 Nov 4

A 44-year-old non-smoking patient with longstanding ankylosing spondylitis presented in marked respiratory distress with tachypnea, fever, cough, greenish sputum, night sweats, dyspnea and weight loss. Computed tomography showed traction bronchiectases and cavities associated with scarring. The findings were most pronounced in the upper lobes which contained multiple cavities up to 8 cm in diameter harboring fungus balls. The superior segment of the left lower lobe showed two additional cavities. Tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria were ruled out. Antibiotic therapy resulted in transient improvement. Five months after this acute exacerbation the patient expired from massive haemoptysis. Pulmonary fibrosis is a rare manifestation of ankylosing spondylitis, may be complicated by infection and haemorrhage and determine the dismal prognosis of these patients.
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PMID:Case report and review of the literature. Fatal pulmonary complication in ankylosing spondylitis. 945 16

Idiopathic BOOP is a clinicopathological entity defined histopathologically by the presence of granulation tissue in bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. 2 men and 6 women (mean age 47.2 years, range 22-66) with idiopathic BOOP have been observed, the mean period of observation being 31.1 months. In 7 cases the disease started with fever, cough and in 6 with progressive dyspnea. The interval between the onset of symptoms and the beginning of treatment ranged from 2 to 10 months. One woman was asymptomatic. The initial findings were: tachypnoea (6), crackles (7), decreased VC (6), reduced diffusing capacity (6), raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (7). In 6 cases chest radiographs showed multiple alveolar patchy opacities of various size predominantly in the middle and lower lung zones. HRCT demonstrates peripheral distribution of changes. In one case diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates and in one case solitary tumor-like opacity with cavitation were observed. Seven subjects were given prednisone. Three subjects recovered completely, in 1 clinical and radiological improvement was observed. In 3 cases relapse occurred. The woman with the solitary tumor-like opacity was cured by surgical excision of the lesion.
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PMID:[Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia]. 948 17

A 12-year-old dachshund was referred for respiratory distress, coughing, and weight loss. Cyanosis, dyspnea, tachypnea, and harsh lung sounds were noted on physical examination. Polycythemia with an increased number of nucleated red blood cells; right atrial enlargement; severe interstitial-to-alveolar pattern in all lung fields; and peripheral, echogenic, pulmonary masses were observed. Cytological examination of pulmonary aspirates indicated possible pulmonary carcinoma. The dog was euthanized at the owner's request. Isolated right-ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary arteriopathy with amyloid deposits of apolipoprotein A1 were identified upon necropsy and histopathology. Pulmonary vascular amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnoses of respiratory distress in aged dogs.
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PMID:Isolated right-ventricular hypertrophy associated with severe pulmonary vascular apolipoprotein A1-derived amyloidosis in a dog. 952 28

6 outpatient clinic nurses selected from 3 primary health centers in the Gondar District of Ethiopia were trained over the course of 9 days in the integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI), after which their performance was evaluated. The training course focused upon the assessment, classification, and treatment of sick children aged 2 months to 5 years, and upon the counselling of their mothers. Immediately following the training, the trainees were observed working in the health centers for a 3-week period to determine how well they assessed, classified, and treated children, and counseled mothers. 449 children who presented at the centers during the study period were evaluated. 87% of the complaints noted by the mothers on fever, cough, diarrhea, and ear problems were covered by the IMCI charts. There was good assessment of commonly seen signs such as tachypnoea and ear pain, as well as of readily identifiable signs such as a slow return after skin pinch, wasting, and pedal oedema; sensitivities were 67-91%. However, sensitivities were only 20-45% for rarely seen signs such as dry mouth and corneal clouding and the more difficult to recognize signs of eyelid pallor and the absence of tears. The classification of pneumonia, diarrhea with signs of dehydration, and malnutrition had sensitivities of 88%, 76%, and 85%, and specificities of 87%, 98%, and 96%, respectively. The classification of febrile illnesses was 39% sensitive. 9 of 39 children with severe disease were misclassified, mostly by one nurse. Patient treatment improved over the 3 weeks of observation and health workers usually communicated appropriate advice to mothers.
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PMID:Performance of health workers after training in integrated management of childhood illness in Gondar, Ethiopia. 952 17

Dirofilariasis was diagnosed in 2 cats with spontaneous pneumothorax. One cat had a 3-week history of a cough, and the other had an 11-month history of vomiting and tachypnea. Pneumothorax was managed in cats by thoracocentesis and supportive care. Diagnosis of dirofilariasis was made on the basis of heartworm antigen and antibody test results and radiographic findings. Clinical signs of heartworm infection improved after treatment with corticosteroids. Cats had good extended outcomes. Heartworm disease should be one of the differential diagnoses considered in cats with spontaneous pneumothorax.
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PMID:Pneumothorax secondary to Dirofilaria immitis infection in two cats. 965 31

Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) has been applied in various pulmonary diseases. We describe the use of partial liquid ventilation as a lavage method following normal saline (NS) lavage in an infant with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and severe hypoxemia. A 6 weeks old 3.4 kg former 36 weeks gestation boy on supplemental oxygen was transferred to our NICU with persistent tachypnea, dry cough, and increasing oxygen requirements. A lingular open lung biopsy revealed PAP. He developed progressive respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support, necessitating conventional NS lavage, followed by lung lavage with perflubron (LiquiVent; Alliance Pharmaceutical Corp. and Hoechst Marion Roussel) while on venovenous extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Lung lavage with NS and perflubron yielded minimal cloudy effluent. Gas exchange and pulmonary function deteriorated following NS lavage and attempts to discontinue ECLS were poorly tolerated. In contrast, tidal volume, PaO2, and pulmonary compliance increased after PLV, while the (A-a) D(O2) decreased to a point where ECLS was no longer required. Once perflubron was added repeatedly to the ventilator circuit to correct for evaporation over the 4 days of PLV. Cardiovascular status remained stable for several days; however, eventually he required reinitiation of ECLS and more mechanical ventilatory support with each trial off ECLS. He was maintained on high pressures and FiO2 without any possibility to wean him from mechanical ventilation. Life support was withdrawn 1 month after admission. The survival from PAP in infants remains dismal, even with total lung NS lavage. While both NS and perflubron lavage in this patient were not effective in removing the proteinaceous alveolar debris, PLV following NS lavage was associated with an improvement in gas exchange and lung compliance.
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PMID:Liquid ventilation in an infant with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. 981 Oct 79

Pigeon breeder's disease is a common form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis, which is rarely diagnosed in children. We report a seven year old boy, who developed cough, easy fatigue, anorexia and weight loss over a period of two months after having contact with pigeons. The findings on physical examination were tachypnoea and reduced thoracic movements. Chest radiograph showed widespread fine nodular shadowing in both lung fields. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated a restrictive defect and an impaired diffusion. Lymphocytes were highly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Precipitating antibodies against pigeon excreta was found in the serum. Environmental control of pigeon protein and a course of systemic corticosteroids over 4 months resulted in clinical and lung function improvement. However clinical recovery stopped over several months after discontinuation of steroid therapy. Therefore steroid therapy was reinstalled and continued until complete clinical recovery and pulmonary function occurred, that was 20 months after onset of the disease. Essential for the patient was to avoid further contact with birds. However a prolonged steroid therapy was necessary to achieve complete resolution. Lung function tests were useful for follow up and decisions on further treatment.
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PMID:[Pigeon breeder's disease in childhood]. 987 98


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