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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three independent cross-sectional surveys of public knowledge and attitudes about AIDS were conducted on a representative sample of people aged 15-54 resident in Wales. 1,303 were interviewed in their homes in February 1987, 683 in September 1987 and 676 in March 1988. The results show that most people knew that having sexual intercourse or sharing needles with people with AIDS represented a high risk of catching AIDS. However there appeared to be considerable misunderstanding about the nature of HIV infection such that one in three thought that a man and woman with a single heterosexual partner was at high or moderate risk of catching AIDS. The high level of concern coupled with considerable confusion appears to have contributed to both unnecessary anxiety and prejudice. One in four people thought that kissing or being spat on by a person with AIDS represented a high or moderate risk, and one in six thought that coughing, sneezing and sharing towels, soap, drinking utensils or lavatory seats were routes of transmission. More than 50% of men and 40% of women said that it was their own fault if homosexuals and drug addicts got AIDS and did not feel sorry for them. It is concluded that action to date to limit the spread of AIDS has informed but not yet adequately educated the public. If unwanted anxieties and prejudice are to be diminished, initiatives by government, health services and others must now concentrate on developing understanding about the nature of HIV infection and its spread through more personal education.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Public knowledge and attitudes to AIDS. 278 32

We report a case of spontaneous mediastinal haematoma. This unusual clinical entity, though uncommon, must be considered in any patient presenting with the typical triad of symptoms of acute superior mediastinal compression, widening of the superior mediastinum on chest radiographs, bruises on the neck appearing within 48 hours of exertion, sneezing, coughing or vomiting. The signs observed with computed tomography in mediastinal haemorrhage are described. The exact source of the haemorrhage remains unknown despite careful radiological investigation and thoracotomy.
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PMID:[Spontaneous hematoma of the mediastinum]. 279 48

A double-blind study was carried out in 65 patients with seasonal rhinitis to compare the effectiveness and tolerance of terfenadine and dexchlorpheniramine. Patients were allocated at random to receive treatment for 1 week with either 60 mg terfenadine twice daily or 2 mg dexchlorpheniramine maleate 3-times daily. Before and after treatment, patients underwent RAST and skin prick tests for reactivity to pollen and those who were positive also had rhinomanometric measurements made of nasal resistance. Diary cards were used by patients to record the severity of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea, sneezing, watery, irritated and red eyes, itching of the nose, throat and eyes, and cough. Details were also kept of the frequency and severity of any side-effects. Pollen counts were taken daily during the treatment period. The results showed that both terfenadine and dexchlorpheniramine produced good or excellent relief of the main symptoms in 78% and 73% of the patients, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the pollen count and reduced symptom severity. Both drugs produced a reduction in total nasal resistance but this was not significantly different from initial values, neither was there a significant difference between treatment. Terfenadine was well tolerated and side-effects incidence was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than in patients treated with dexchlorpheniramine, particularly so with reference to drowsiness.
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PMID:Antihistaminic treatment of allergic rhinitis: a double-blind study with terfenadine versus dexchlorpheniramine. 288 17

The role of histamine in the pathogenesis of infectious rhinitis is unclear, as is the efficacy of antihistaminic drugs in the treatment of the common cold. This study evaluated the short-term efficacy of oral terfenadine (Seldane) in the treatment of the common cold. Over a 5-week period, the authors recruited 250 adults who had developed cold symptoms within 6 to 48 hours prior to enrollment. Volunteers had a primary complaint of runny or stuffy nose; at least one other respiratory symptom; no fever or exudative pharyngitis; and no history of atopy, sinusitis, or use of cold preparations within 1 week of enrollment. Out of the eligible subjects, 126 were randomly assigned terfenadine (60 mg), and 124 received placebo. Volunteers self-administered either terfenadine or placebo twice a day on Days 1, 2 and 3, and a final dose on the morning of Day 4. They also recorded the severity of their clinical symptoms (runny nose, sniffles, sneezing, postnasal drip, cough and sore throat) on symptom cards. Both groups reported similar severity scores throughout the treatment period. Average symptom burdens declined at almost identical rates for both groups. Terfenadine was well tolerated and had a low incidence of side effects. According to subject evaluation, terfenadine was no more effective than placebo. The mean +/- SD score of global efficacy was 2.2 +/- 1.1 in the terfenadine group and 2.1 +/- 1.3 in the placebo group (P = NS). Slightly fewer terfenadine recipients (41%) than placebo recipients (48%) said they would use the study medication again for treating cold symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Ineffectiveness of oral terfenadine in natural colds: evidence against histamine as a mediator of common cold symptoms. 289 9

Water instilled into the pharynx of sleeping human infants elicits a range of chemoreflex responses that, occasionally, includes prolonged apnea (defined as absence of ventilation for at least 20 s, or for a shorter period if accompanied by bradycardia of less than or equal to 100 b.p.m. or cyanosis). To learn more about airway receptors mediating this prolonged apneic response and factors determining its occurrence, we examined the importance of stimulus location and associations between prolonged apnea, bradycardia, and upper airway responses. A total of 29 episodes of prolonged apnea were recorded after water stimulation in 12 infants. Bradycardia (HR less than 100) followed stimulus delivery but was always preceded by apnea and did not appear as an independent chemoreflex response. Behavioral arousal and prolonged apnea were not mutually exclusive responses and recovery from prolonged apnea was not always closely linked with arousal. Occurrence of prolonged apnea was greater after pharyngeal than nasal stimulation, and was frequently associated with coughing, but not with sneezing, suggesting that prolonged apnea is elicited from a sensory site close to, or the same as, one mediating cough. We conclude, using this water stimulus method, that the predominant receptors for chemoreflex-prolonged apnea are located in the pharynx or larynx rather than in the nose.
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PMID:Characteristics of upper airway chemoreflex prolonged apnea in human infants. 292 68

One of the most important characteristics of asthma is its association with non specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This is diagnosed by histamine bronchial challenge tests. This latter is an easy procedure but requires a precise and standardized methodology. We have analysed, in a large group of bronchial challenge tests (n = 162) the clinical correlations with bronchial response to histamine. Our conclusions are in agreement with several recent literature, and may be summarised as follows: 1. more than 10% of patients, clinically considered as asthmatics do not show bronchial hyperresponsiveness and probably will not benefit from bronchodilators; 2. several aspecific respiratory symptoms (cough, chest tightness, blocked nose and sneezing, recurrent bronchitis, etc...) are frequently associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness and should be considered as asthmatic manifestations. To conclude, we recommend to realise a histamine non specific challenge test in all cases of clinical suspicion of asthma (with normal lung function at basal state) and in all subjects presenting chest symptoms of uncertain etiology.
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PMID:[Screening in asthma]. 292 8

All forms of life, from the simplest cells to the most complex organisms, show periodicity in some of their biologic activities and functions. The most common of these rhythmic events are those that we refer to as "circadian" (circa, around; dias, day). In humans, the caliber of both the upper and lower airways shows circadian fluctuation that is amplified in disease states. The caliber of the airways of the tracheobronchial tree decreases at night and increases during the day. In asthmatic persons, the nocturnal decrease is amplified, causing peak dyspnea, wheezing, cough, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal stuffiness to occur between 2:00 and 6:00 A.M. The most effective pharmacologic strategies for the treatment of these symptoms appear to be those timed to provide maximal medication between these hours, when it is needed the most.
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PMID:Circadian rhythms. 304 23

A 43-year-old woman developed asthma 6 years after beginning work in a food-processing plant in which soybean flour was used as a protein extender. Symptoms of sneezing, coughing, and wheezing would begin within minutes of exposure to soybean flour and resolve 2 hours after exposure ceased. Skin tests were positive to a soy extract prepared from the flour. Airway hyperreactivity was confirmed by a positive bronchial challenge to methacholine. Bronchial challenge with soybean flour produced an immediate increase in specific airway resistance from 5.0 to 22.7 L. cm of H2O/L/sec. There was no response to challenge with lactose. The patient's allergic response to soy-flour extract was further characterized by several immunologic methods. IgE binding to soy-flour protein by direct RAST was 5.98 times that of a normal control serum. The soy-flour extract was separated by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four protein bands were detected in the crude soy-flour extract. After immunoblotting and subsequent autoradiography, nine proteins with molecular weights ranging from 54,500 to 14,875 were found. Cross-reactivity studies with other legumes demonstrated apparent immunologic identity between a component in green pea extract and a soybean protein with a molecular weight of 17,000. The clinical significance of this cross-reactivity is not known. We conclude that in this case of occupational asthma to soybean flour, multiple allergens were involved. Immunoblotting may be useful in identifying the allergens involved in occupational asthma.
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PMID:Soybean flour asthma: detection of allergens by immunoblotting. 304 39

Urinary incontinence, the inability to retain urine, creates a misery that cannot be overestimated. The foul odor emanating from the patient repels family and friends to such an extent that it affects the social life of the sufferer. Total incontinence, that is, the continuous loss of urine as opposed to the loss associated with coughing or sneezing, is the most severe type of the malady. For such individuals, the artificial sphincter offers hope for a new life. Incidences of total urinary incontinence as a result of radical prostatectomy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate have been reported in the range of 5-50%. Incontinence may occur as a result of injury to the proximal urethra, and it is usually present to some extent in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury, myelomeningocele, or other conditions that affect the micturition centers of the nervous system. Some patients whose urinary tract is completely obstructed and who are therefore unable to urinate, as for example individuals who sustain traumatic complete transection of the urethra with resulting obstructive fibrosis of the urethra, or those patients whose neurogenic spastic sphincter inhibits satisfactory voiding, may benefit from reconstructive surgery or ablation of their pathologic sphincter in order to restore urination. Rehabilitation of such patients can then be complete with implantation of an artificial sphincter to provide urinary control. The alternatives for management include diapers, the placement of external collecting or occlusive devices, or major surgery in which the intestinal tract is used either for conducting the urine to an abdominal collecting bag or as a bladder substitute that is periodically emptied by catheterization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The artificial urinary sphincter: review and progress. 305 Mar 89

Studies in mammals have found that during breathing the triangularis sterni (TS) muscle regulates expiratory airflow and the end-expiratory position of the rib cage and furthermore that the respiratory activity of this muscle is influenced by a variety of chemical and mechanical stimuli. To assess the role of the TS during coughing and sneezing, electromyograms (EMGs) recorded from the TS were compared with EMGs of the transversus abdominis (TA) in eight pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. During coughing induced by mechanically stimulating the trachea or larynx (n = 7 dogs), peak EMGs increased from 23 +/- 2 to 74 +/- 5 U (P less than 0.00002) for the TS and from 21 +/- 6 to 66 +/- 4 U (P less than 0.0002) for the TA. During sneezing induced by mechanically stimulating the nasal mucosa (n = 3 dogs), peak EMG of the TS increased from 10 +/- 3 to 66 +/- 7 U (P less than 0.005) and peak EMG of the TA increased from 10 +/- 2 to 73 +/- 7 U (P less than 0.02). For both muscles the shape of the EMG changed to an early peaking form during coughs and sneezes. Peak expiratory airflow during coughs of different intensity correlated more closely with peak TS EMG in three dogs and with peak TA EMG in four dogs; peak expiratory airflow during sneezes of different intensity correlated more closely with peak TS than TA EMG in all three animals. These results suggest that the TS is actively recruited during coughing and sneezing and that different neuromuscular strategies may be utilized to augment expiratory airflow.
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PMID:Role of triangularis sterni during coughing and sneezing in dogs. 321 43


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