Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eight cases of malignant tumors of the head and neck were treated with NK 631 on a dosage schedule of 10 mg at a time 3 times weekly, by intravenous one-shot injection or intravenous drip infusion, to observe its therapeutic effects and adverse reactions. The treatment was assessed markedly effective in 3, moderately effective in 1 and ineffective in 4 of them. The treatment was also assessed moderately or markedly effective in 3 and ineffective in 2 out of squamous cell carcinoma cases. Hematologic findings, serum electrolytes and enzymologic findings were normal, but the pulmonary function examinations revealed a tendency for PaO2 to decrease slightly. In 1 case where frequent cough was observed, the cough was mitigated on withdrawal of the treatment. The adverse reactions that evolved included fever, alopecia, eruptions, nausea and vomiting, and pigmentation of the nail. To summarize these findings, the authors were impressed with NK 631 and that the agent would exert an excellent antitumor effect, compared with bleomycin, and that its effect would evolve at the early stage of its treatment. Fixed drug eruption was observed as an adverse reaction of this drug in 1 case; however, the adverse reactions of this bleomycin analog appear similar to those of its parent compound, bleomycin.
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PMID:[Treatment with NK 631 (new bleomycin analog) of oral and maxillofacial cancer (author's transl)]. 8 25

The induction characteristics of etomidate, a new i.v. hypnotic agent, were studied in 400 patients. Two hundred were premedicated with atropine and anaesthesia was induced with 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 or 0.35 mg/kg of etomidate. The remainder received one of four standard premedications and anaesthesia was induced with etomidate 0.3 mg/kg. Involuntary muscle movements occurred in more than 60% of patients receiving atropine alone. The frequency was reduced in the second group, but remained unacceptable in over 8% of patients. The incidence of other excitatory phenomena, such as cough and hiccup, was 10% approximately. Cardiovascular changes were minimal and no serious allergic phenomena were observed. Nausea and vomiting occurred after surgery in up to 30% of patients and was unrelated to the dose of etomidate or to premedication. Pain on injection occurred in up to 80% of patients when the drug was injected into small peripheral veins and occurred in more than 7% when using more normal veins.
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PMID:Effect of dose and premedication on induction complications with etomidate. 125 85

Ten patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma were treated with long-term and low dose methotrexate (MTX) for its corticosteroid-sparing effect. The average age was 51.2 years (ranged 24 to 67). Three were women. Despite the use of maximal doses of bronchodilators, their daily prednisolone dosages were always more than 10 mg during an average period of 2.75 years (ranged 1 to 6 years). Following the use of oral MTX, 15mg weekly from more than 6 months (averaged 11.8 months; ranged 6 to 15 months), the average daily requirement of prednisolone decreased from 14.5 to 6.5 mg (p < 0.01). Among them, four did not need steroid and the other six had a marked subjective improvement in breathing, cough and nocturnal dyspnea. However, three of them could not have steroid dose reduced. As for adverse reactions to MTX in ten patients, two patients had nausea and vomiting, two had skin eruption, three had somnolence, and one had elevated sGOT (78 U/L). The adverse effects were all transient. Neither oral ulcer, nor leukopenia was found among them. This study suggests long-term low dose oral MTX may have a steroid-sparing effect in steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. Their adverse effects were mild and transient.
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PMID:[Long term and low dose treatment with methotrexate in corticosteroid-dependent asthma--two-year clinical experience]. 134 43

Adverse effects of opioids are multiple. They are most often receptor-mediated and inseparable from their desired effects. The most severe mishaps with opioids are related to their respiratory depressant effect, which is widely influenced by factors such as pain, previous opioid experience and awareness. Other relevant central nervous system effects of opioids include cough suppression, nausea and vomiting, rigidity, pruritus and miosis. The cardiovascular adverse effects of opioids are mainly related to histamine release and differ widely between agonists and agonist-antagonists. Gastrointestinal effects such as constipation, reflux and spasms of the bile duct are well described. Adverse effects on endocrine, immunological and haematological functions are possible, while allergic reactions are extremely rare. The adverse effects of long term use are overestimated. Systemic toxicity is negligible and development of tolerance is minimal while treating pain. In the clinical setting of pain control, addiction and withdrawal do not pose significant problems. Nevertheless, the possible effects of opioids on the unborn child should always be considered. Overall, opioids show a good record of safety. Their use should not be unduly limited by unfounded fears of adverse effects, but these effects should be avoided by anticipation and prevention.
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PMID:Adverse effects of systemic opioid analgesics. 135 45

Eighty four patients requiring treatment with Gentamycin were selected from Otorhinolaryngology outpatient and those admitted to the hospital. Patients suffering from hepatic or renal disorders, pregnant women and children were excluded from the study. Seventy three were administered gentamycin 40 mg BD intramuscularly for 7-10 days and in 11 the drug was applied topically as ear drops for 6-12 weeks. Adverse reactions were observed in 9 (13.3%) and 11 (100%) patients given the drug parenterally and topically respectively. In parenteral group incidence was higher in females as compared to males and profile included nausea and vomiting, headache, cough, tinnitis, albuminuria, diminition of hearing and vertigo. Whereas diminition of hearing acuity was observed in all those who had topical application as evidenced by pure tone audiometry.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to gentamycin in patients with ear, nose or throat infections. 147 50

This study was designed to determine the relative speeds of induction and complication rates using either halothane or isoflurane for rapid inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Forty ASA physical status 1 and 2, unpremedicated patients presenting for day-care dental surgery received a rapid inhalational induction (RII) with either halothane 3.5% or isoflurane 5% in humidified oxygen. The carrier gas was humidified in order to limit airway irritation caused by the pungency of the volatile agents. Isoflurane produced a faster induction than halothane-121(50) (SD) sec vs 176(36) sec (P less than 0.01). Complication rates during induction (coughing, secretions, excessive movement and abandoned inductions) were similar for the two groups. The majority of patients in both the isoflurane group (17/20) and the halothane group (14/20) found the technique of RII to be acceptable. The incidences of headache, nausea and vomiting were low and not significantly different for the two groups. Isoflurane 5% in humidified oxygen is as acceptable for RII as halothane 3.5% and has a similar complication rate. Isoflurane may be used for RII in cases where it is deemed necessary to avoid halothane, or when a more rapid inhalational induction is required than is possible with halothane. The technique of RII with either agent in unpremedicated patients is well suited to day-care anesthesia.
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PMID:Rapid inhalational induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane or halothane in humidified oxygen. 155 Nov 55

We prospectively compared sputum induction with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in HIV positive patients presenting with acute respiratory episodes and also assessed the effects of using an experienced respiratory physiotherapist on the diagnostic yield from induced sputum. One hundred and fifty-one consecutive patients underwent sputum induction, in 96 the procedure was supervised by nursing and medical staff with no specific expertise (group I); in 55 patients a physiotherapist supervised sputum induction (group 2). Nine patients refused BAL having undergone sputum induction. Of the remaining 142 patients sputum induction failed (no sample expectorated) in 28 patients (25 from group 1 and three from group 2), the sample was inadequate (the material expectorated was not from the lower respiratory tract) in 29, and was adequate in 85 patients. Pneumocystis carinii was diagnosed in 82 patients (51 from group 1 and 31 from group 2). The sensitivity of induced sputum for the diagnosis of P. carinii was 13% and of BAL was 77%. In the subgroup of patients with an adequate induced sputum sample, the sensitivity of induced sputum was 28% and of BAL was 73%. Of the remaining 60 patients, 27 had other diagnoses made by induced sputum and BAL (eight patients), BAL only (15 patients) and induced sputum only (four patients). Eleven patients had bronchitis and responded to oral antibiotics. In 22 patients induced sputum and BAL were negative; alternative diagnoses were established by lung biopsy or by culture of blood, urine or CSF. During sputum induction, 15 patients had nausea and vomiting, eight became dyspnoeic, three had intractable cough and one developed acute bronchoconstriction; 17 patients found the procedure unpleasant. Compared with BAL, induced sputum has a lower diagnostic yield for P. carinii and other pathogens. Use of experienced, dedicated personnel increases the number of successful attempts at sputum induction but does not increase the diagnostic yield. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage remain necessary for patients with negative results from induced sputum and those whose disease course is at variance with the diagnosis made by sputum induction.
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PMID:Sputum induction for the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in HIV positive patients. 188 13

Immunotherapy with interleukin (IL)-2 possesses great potential in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases and cancers. However, only a few reports on a small number of children have appeared in the literature. From March 1988 to March 1989, 11 children and adolescents were treated with IL-2. They included 1 patient with hepatocellular carcinoma, 1 with hepatoblastoma, 6 with childhood atopic dermatitis, and 3 with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The dosages ranged from 10,000 to 50,000 U/kg every 8 hours by intravenous drip. The following side effects were observed: anorexia, fever, and chillness (100%), general malaise (82%), irritability (64%), diarrhea (100%), nausea and vomiting (73%), weight gain (82%), edema (82%), abdominal distension (73%), oliguria (82%), cough (91%), dyspnea (27%), pleural effusion (40%), hypotension (82%), skin eruption (82%), oral ulcer (18%), enlarged liver (73%) liver function abnormalities (82%), renal function impairment (36%), electrolyte imbalance (73%), anemia (91%), thrombocytopenia (54%), leukopenia (18%), and eosinophilia (73%). Immunologically, numbers of natural killer cells were increased and natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell activities were augmented after IL-2 treatment. There was a tendency for serum levels of IL-2 and receptor IL-2 to decrease, especially in patients with atopic eczema. Ten patients (91%) completed one course (9 to 12 days) of therapy, and the remaining patient interrupted the treatment because of intolerable adverse effects. Clinically, complete remission for 3 months was obtained in 1 juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patient, transient improvement (2 to 6 weeks) in all atopic dermatitis patients, minor response in the hepatoblastoma patient, and no response in the patient with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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PMID:Interleukin-2 immunotherapy in children. 217 36

Cefadroxil 1 g twice daily and amoxycillin 500 mg three times a day were compared in 111 patients suffering from acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Treatment was for seven days. Excellent or good clinical responses were found in 85 per cent of cases receiving cefadroxil and 81 per cent of patients taking amoxycillin. However, residual symptoms of cough and rhonchi were present to a statistically significantly greater extent in the amoxycillin group. Tolerance of both drugs was good with mild to moderate side effects reported in seven of 54 patients in the cefadroxil group and six of 56 patients taking amoxycillin. Severe nausea and vomiting in two cases in the amoxycillin group resulted in discontinuation of therapy. Microbiological examination of sputum samples showed pathogenic bacteria in 16 per cent, principally Haemophilus influenzae. Amoxycillin 500 mg tds and cefadroxil 1 g bd were equally effective in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
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PMID:A randomised, prospective, single-blind comparison of cefadroxil and amoxycillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 268 41

1. The acute toxicity of many volatile compounds is similar, being more related to physical properties than to chemical structure. 2. Volatile substance abusers experiences euphoria and disinhibition but this may be followed by nausea and vomiting, dizziness, coughing and increased salivation; cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions, coma and death occur in severe cases. 3. Laboratory analysis of blood and urine samples collected up to 24 h post-exposure may be helpful if the diagnosis of volatile substance abuse is in doubt. 4. There is only a weak correlation between blood toluene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane concentrations and the clinical features of toxicity, possibly because of rapid initial tissue distribution and elimination. 5. Recovery normally occurs quickly once exposure has ceased but support for respiratory, renal or hepatic failure may be needed as well as treatment for cardiac arrhythmias. Therapy with intravenous acetylcysteine should be considered in cases of acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of acute poisoning with volatile substances. 277 67


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