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 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective cohort study was undertaken in a farrow-to-farrow swine herd to describe patterns of pneumonia, and to identify host risk factors associated with the extent of pneumonic lesions in 2 weight groups of slaughter swine. The risk of coughing and pneumonic lesions increased with increasing age of pigs within the herd (P less than 0.0001). The age-specific prevalence of pneumonic lesions was low (2.7%) in pigs less than 16 weeks old at slaughter, but increased rapidly when pigs were between 16 and 22 weeks old (8.6 to 67.9%). After 22 weeks, the prevalence remained relatively constant at about 80%. Associations between possible risk factors and pneumonia were investigated by use of multiple-regression models. Age at weaning (less than 24 days) and birth weight (less than 1 kg) exerted small, but significant (P less than 0.002), effects on the extent of pneumonic lesions in pigs slaughtered at 30 to 50 kg live weight. For pigs slaughtered at 90 to 110 kg, pneumonic lesions were more extensive (P = 0.007) in pigs sired by Yorkshire boars than pigs sired by non-Yorkshire sires (Duroc, Hampshire, Chester White, or American Spotted). Other host factor variables including weaning weight and clinical diseases (atrophic rhinitis, diarrhea, and arthritis) were not associated with pneumonia extent in either weight group. Higher pneumonia percentages were also associated with reduced growth rates in the grower/finisher phase. Pigs sired by Yorkshire boars grew significantly (P less than 0.0001) more slowly from entry into shed 2 (mean, 38 kg) until about the time of exit (mean, 92 kg) than pigs sired by other breeds (747 g/d and 795 g/d, respectively).
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PMID:Host determinants of pneumonia in slaughter weight swine. 238 33

The safety and tolerability of lisinopril were assessed in 1,476 patients [1,165 hypertensives and 311 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF)] and 211 normal volunteers. The duration of lisinopril therapy ranged from 1 day to 16 months, with a mean duration of 105 days. In the hypertensive population, the most frequent clinical adverse experiences on lisinopril alone were headache, dizziness, cough, and diarrhea. Not all of these adverse experiences were thought to be drug related. Five percent of patients were discontinued because of adverse clinical experiences; cough and dizziness were the most common reasons for discontinuation. Two of 1,165 (0.17%) hypertensive patients treated with lisinopril died, compared to 0.41% of hypertensive patients on other therapies. Neither case was considered to be drug related. In patients with CHF, the most frequent clinical adverse experiences were dizziness, diarrhea, hypotension, fatigue, headache, and rash. Not all of these adverse experiences were thought to be drug related. The percent of CHF patients discontinuing because of an adverse clinical experience was 7.4%; the most frequent causes for discontinuation were hypotension, dizziness, or renal impairment. Twelve deaths occurred in 311 CHF patients treated with lisinopril (3.9%) compared to 4/104 (3.8%) of CHF patients treated with placebo and 2/65 (3.1%) treated with captopril. Hypotension, orthostatic effects, or dizziness following the initial lisinopril dose occurred infrequently in patients treated with lisinopril. In hypertensive patients with normal renal function, including those treated previously or concomitantly with diuretic therapy, a first-dose hypotensive episode was reported in six of 955, or 0.6%. The incidence was higher (6.7%) in hypertensive patients with impaired renal function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The safety and tolerability of lisinopril in clinical trials. 244 61

A retrospective study of 137 patients with blood culture-positive typhoid fever admitted to the paediatric unit of the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia was carried out to study epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and treatment aspects of typhoid fever in Kelantanese children in hospital. The male:female ratio was 1:1.1. School-children were the most affected. Cases were seen throughout the year. The five most frequently presenting features were fever, hepatomegaly, diarrhoea, vomiting and cough. Rose spots were seen in only two patients. Complications included gastritis, bronchitis, ileus, psychosis, encephalopathy, gastro-intestinal bleeding and myocarditis. Relative bradycardia was not seen. Blood and stool cultures were positive in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd weeks of illness. There was no significant difference between percentages of elevated O and H titres, whether done during or after the 1st week of illness. A four-fold rise in (O) titres occurred in 50% of cases tested. We would miss 50% of typhoid fever cases if a titre (O) equal to more than 1/160 were relied upon for diagnosis. Altogether, 46% of patients had leucopenia. Chloramphenicol was the most commonly used antibiotic. There were two deaths.
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PMID:Typhoid fever in hospitalized children in Kelantan, Malaysia. 246 4

Inpatient and community-based care can be complementary in relation to the management of HIV disease. Medical records from 200 inpatients of Chikankata Hospital near Lusaka, Zambia and 200 home based patients were examined and compared for the common symptoms of presentation of HIV disease, associated opportunistic infections, and treatment protocols. Drug costs of both groups were also compared. The most common respiratory symptoms in the 2 groups are cough, chest pains, weight loss, and hemoptysis. Treatment employed for these symptoms were cortimoxazole, penicillin V, erthromycin, and tetracycline. Acetyl saliclic acid and paracetamol were used for pain relief in both groups. Gastointestinal system symptoms for both groups were diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Cotrimoxazole and metronidazole were used in treating diarrhea. Additional treatment protocol for the 2 patient samples included oral rehydration therapy for dehydration, antacid or bismuth subsalicylate for diarrhea and enteritis, and mycostatin for oral candidiasis. Central nervous system symptomatology included headache, dementia, neckace, and lethargy. Chloramphenicol was employed in treating bacterial meningitis. Diazepam and chlorpromazine were effective for restless patients. Genito-urinary system symptomatology for the 2 groups included dysuria, genital ulcers, hematuria, viral warts, and buboes. Antibodies were used for sexually transmitted diseases and infections. Skin symptomatology included rash and dermatitis, herpes zoster, abscess, kaposi's sarcoma, ulcers, furunculosis, and discharging anal sinus. In treating these symptoms, hospital based care and home based care were similar. Overall, it was found that hospital treatment protocols were detailed, expensive, and time consuming. Furthermore, hospital treatment for HIV positive patients is more expensive than HIV negative patients; hospital costs for 50 HIV negative patients totaled US$415.94 compared to US$1204.98 HIV positive/PTB negative patients and US$1705.62 for HIV positive/PTB positive patients. Drug cost/patient admission is increased by 469% if HIV positive. (author's modified).
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PMID:Clinical care as part of integrated AIDS management in a Zambian rural community. 248 94

Toxicosis caused by Anabaena spiroides was diagnosed in 7 of 26 finishing hogs in a farrow-to-finish operation in Kentucky. Several sick pigs in the herd had the following clinical signs: vomiting, dull appearance, lethargy, anorexia, muscle tremors, frothing at the mouth, coughing, sneezing, dyspnea, and bloody diarrhea. Of the 7 dead pigs, 2 were necropsied. Tissue speciments and stomach contents were obtained for microscopic, microbiologic, and toxicologic evaluations. In addition, vomitus from sick pigs and pond water samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Direct microscopic examination of pond water, vomitus, and stomach contents revealed nearly pure A spiroides, a toxic blue-green algae. The possible involvement of bacterial toxins in these pigs was not established; however, the laboratory and field data suggested that the clinical signs and death losses were attributable to the consumption of pond water mixed with the bloom of the alga, A spiroides.
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PMID:Blue-green algae (Anabaena spiroides) toxicosis in pigs. 250 12

To determine whether orally administered zinc supplements could correct the abnormal humoral and cell-mediated immunity of Down syndrome, we randomly assigned 64 children with Down syndrome, aged 1 to 19 years and living at home, to receive either zinc gluconate or placebo daily for 6-month periods with crossover from one regimen to another. Control subjects were siblings and age-matched, unrelated children. Serum zinc, copper, and measures of immune system competence were tested at 3- or 6-month intervals. Parents kept daily logs of clinical symptoms such as cough and diarrhea and of physician visits. Mean serum zinc concentrations increased to about 150% of baseline during zinc supplementation, but we found no effect on serum levels of copper, immunoglobulins, or complement; on lymphocyte number or subset distribution; or on in vitro response to mitogens. Children with Down syndrome who were receiving zinc had a trend toward fewer days or episodes of cough and fever but no change in other clinical variables. Long-term, low-dose oral zinc supplementation to improve depressed immune response or to decrease infections in children with Down syndrome cannot be recommended.
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PMID:Infection and immunity in Down syndrome: a trial of long-term low oral doses of zinc. 213 78

Medical records of 210 horses that survived ventral midline celiotomy for at least 4 months were examined and owners were queried to determine factors contributing to incisional hernia formation. The incidence rate of incisional hernias within 4 months was 16%. Factors significantly associated with occurrence of incisional hernias were incisional drainage, closure of the linea alba with chromic gut suture material, previous midline celiotomy, excessive incisional edema, castrated male sex, postoperative leukopenia, and postoperative pain (colic). Factors not significantly associated with occurrence of incisional hernias were suture pattern used for linea alba closure, concurrent enterotomy or intestinal resection, postoperative bandage or stent, postoperative fever, hypoproteinemia, diarrhea, respiratory disease (coughing), and peritonitis. Hernias developed in horses within 12 weeks of surgery, with the earliest hernia recognized at week 2. Of 30 horses for which information was available, only one hernia developed in 24 (80%) and two or more hernias developed in 6 (20%) along the incision. Multiple hernias tended to be smaller than single hernias.
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PMID:Incisional hernias in the horse. Incidence and predisposing factors. 253 Jun 84

In a longitudinal study of the pattern of morbidity in a cohort of Nigerian children under five from a poor urban community, symptoms of respiratory tract infection were found to be the commonest during the study period. Nasal discharge had the highest incidence rate of 30.3 episodes per 100 child days followed by cough which had 12.2 episodes per 100 child days. Fever with or without other symptoms had an incidence of 10.8 episodes per 100 child days. The incidence of diarrhoeal disease of 3.3 episodes per 100 child days was much lower than that of the respiratory symptoms. When stratified by age, the respiratory symptoms and fever were common among the younger age groups with a peak incidence at 13-24 months. Diarrhoea on the other hand had an earlier peak than the other three symptoms, being most frequent among those aged 7-12 months. Skin rash had the highest incidence rate among children aged 37-60 months. Although it is not possible to describe a definite seasonal pattern of symptoms from this study, monthly distribution shows that nasal discharge occurred at an almost constant rate throughout the year, cough also occurred throughout the year with periods of decreased incidence in December and May. Fever as a symptom occurred throughout the study period with a decreased incidence in December and peaks in the late dry season. Although symptoms of diarrhoea were present throughout the study period, higher incidence rates occurred in the dry season. Skin rash occurred more frequently during the dry season and decreased during the rainy season.
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PMID:Morbidity pattern among Nigerian children from a poor urban community. 254 84

The safety and tolerability of lisinopril (1.25-160 mg daily) were assessed in 3,270 patients (2,688 hypertensives and 582 patients with congestive heart failure (CHF] and 280 healthy subjects. The duration of therapy ranged from a single dose to 43 months; 438 patients received lisinopril for at least 12 months (mean 20 months). In the hypertensive population, the most frequent adverse events reported were headache, dizziness, cough, nausea, diarrhoea and fatigue, although not all of these events were thought to be related to lisinopril; 6.1% discontinued lisinopril due to adverse clinical events, most commonly cough and nausea. Twelve hypertensive patients died (0.45%), but most of these were not receiving lisinopril at the time of death and none was considered to be drug-related. In CHF patients, the most frequently reported adverse events were dizziness, dyspnoea, diarrhoea, hypotension and fatigue. Again, not all of these reports were considered to be drug-related. Therapy was withdrawn in 9.6% of patients--hypotension, dizziness, diarrhoea and rash being the most frequent reasons. Fifty-three CHF patients died (9.1%) and in three cases death was considered to be related to lisinopril therapy. Hypotension, orthostatic effects or dizziness following the initial dose of lisinopril occurred infrequently (in 1.3% of the hypertensive group, including those receiving hydrochlorothiazide, and in 4.8% of CHF patients). Changes in laboratory parameters were generally minor and seldom resulted in discontinuation of therapy. Long-term treatment of hypertension and CHF with lisinopril for at least 3 years confirms that the drug is well tolerated. Overall, the side-effect profile is very similar to that of other ACE inhibitors with regard to class-specific effects. However, taste disturbance was rarely observed.
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PMID:Clinical experience with lisinopril. Observations on safety and tolerability. 255 Jun 41

In February and March 1989 a community-acquired outbreak of legionnaires' disease developed in Barcelona, involving at least 56 patients (48 males and 8 females) with a mean age of 60 years (range 22-87). 70% were smokers, 20% alcohol abusers, 50% had chronic bronchitis and 20% were immunologically depressed. The most common signs and symptoms were: fever (100%), features of lung condensation (77%), cough (51%), stupor (27%), diarrhea (18%), thoracic pain (18%, hyponatremia (53%), increased serum level of hepatic enzymes (44%) or CK (37%), and renal failure (21%). Radiological involvement was bilateral in 30% of cases. In most patients the diagnosis was made by seroconversion (70%). Late seroconversion (between 4 and 14 weeks) was seen in 20 patients, whose age was significantly higher than that of patients with early seroconversion (p less than 0.02). All cases were caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Forty-six patients (81%) were admitted to the hospital and 10 (18%) required tracheal intubation. Although all received erythromycin, seven patients died. Hypoxemia, leukopenia, hyponatremia and renal failure were associated with a higher mortality rate. However, after multivariate analysis renal failure appeared as the only independent prognostic variable. Finally, it was concluded that in the community-acquired outbreaks of pneumonia Legionella pneumophila infection should be ruled out.
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PMID:[A community outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Barcelona: clinical and microbiological study]. 262 51


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