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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Horses suffer from a respiratory condition, similar to human allergic asthma, that is characterized by severe dyspnea, wheezing, coughing, and mucus production. Mediator substances released during the allergic reaction may contract airways and pulmonary vasculature. Nothing is known of the effects of autacoids and other vasoactive substances on equine pulmonary vessels. Therefore, spiral strips of equine pulmonary vein were prepared in vitro and the effects of histamine (H), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), bradykinin (BK), carbachol (Carb), and phenylephrine (phen) were studied. The order of contractile effectiveness for the agonists on the vein was found to be 5HT greater than H greater than Bk greater than Phen greater than Carb, although H consistently produced the greatest maximal effects. H1-receptors appeared to mediate H contractions while H2-receptors had no measurable effect. 5HT responses were mediated directly by 'D-type' smooth muscle receptors. Bk produced contractions but of a lesser magnitude than either H or 5HT. Varying degrees of tachyphylaxis were observed for each agent. alpha-Adrenergic receptor stimulation by Phen initiated low-magnitude contractions whereas Carb exhibited virtually no activity on the pulmonary vein. Contractile responses of pulmonary veins to various spasmogens may contribute to the equine asthmatic response by raising vascular hydrostatic pressure, thereby enhancing edema formation.
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PMID:Pharmacological studies on the pulmonary vein of the horse. I. Effects of selected spasmogens. 3 May 26

The incidence of aspiration, the causative esophageal pathophysiology, and the results of surgical therapy were evaluated in 100 patients with abnormal gastroesophageal reflux documented by 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Based on historical evidence, 48 patients were suspected to be aspirators. Eight patients had documented episodes of aspiration (drop on esophagela pH, followed by acid taste in mouth and onset of cough or wheezing spell) during the monitoring period. Nine patients were considered to be potential aspirators because they presented oral acid regurgitation without development of pulmonary symptoms. In five patients a primary respiratory disorder (PRD) induced gastroesophageal reflux. The remaining 78 patients had abnormal reflux without aspiartion or regurgitation. Aspirators had a 75% incidence of esophageal motor abnormality on manometry, and the clearance of refluxed acid was significantly delayed in the supine position. A history of heartburn and endoscopic evidence of esophagitis were present in only half of the patients who were documented aspirators. Potential aspirators were spared from aspiration by rapid esophageal clearance of refluxed acid unaffected by changes in body position. Patients with a PRD had higher distal esophageal segment (DES) pressure and normal esophageal motility with minimal esophagitis. Nonaspirators significantly improved their clearance while in the supine position, emphasizing the protective effect of esophageal peristalsis against aspiration. An antireflux procedure in five aspirators raised the DES pressure significantly and returned the reflux status to normal by 24-hour pH-monitoring standards. The incidence of aspiration appears to be less than that suspected by history and is due to a motor disorder that interferes with the ability of the esophagus to clear reflex acid. Abnormal pulmonary symptoms can induce or result from gastroesophageal reflux and, when the latter occurs, an antireflex procedure stops both reflux and aspiration.
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PMID:Gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration: incidence, functional abnormality, and results of surgical therapy. 3 77

The authors studied the action of Pneumorel retard tablets in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, comparing 2 groups of 20 patients each, one group was prescribed 1 pneumorel retard tablet in the morning and evening and the other group was treated with a speciality associating proteolytic enzymes and balsamics; the 2 groups also received an antibiotic treatment. The duration of the treatments was 20 days, with controls at entry, 10 days and 20 days later. Pneumorel retard showed to be significantly more active on the criteria studied (cough, dyspnea, expectoration, signs of auscultation) and this more often than not from the 10th day of treatment. Clinical and biological tolerance was perfect concerning the hepatic sphere, gastrointestinal, renal or cardiovascular systems. The convenience of the use of Pneumorel retard is particularly indicated in the thorough long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis, in preventing episodes of over-infection, worsening the disease.
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PMID:[A controlled clinical study of Pneumorel Retard tablets in the treatment of chronic bronchitis (author's transl)]. 3 45

The authors induced experimental hydrothorax in cats by injecting dextran into the pleural cavity under brief N2O anaesthesia. They examined the parameters of cough -- elicited by mechanical stimulation of the airway mucosa -- and blood gas and pH values under normal conditions and after the injection of 50, 100, 200 and 250 ml dextran. The tests were always performed 30 min after terminating anaesthesia, i.e. in conscious animals. The free fluid in the thorax was found, in conscious cats, to reduce the inspiratory values of cough, but to have no effect on cough expiration. This is in agreement with previous findings showing that the intensity of a cough expiration does not always depend on the intensity of the preceding cough inspiration. According to this finding, the decrease in the expiratory values of cough observed during experimental pleurisy cannot be due to the actual exudate. In cats, experimental hydrothorax in doses of 200 and 250 ml leads to respiratory insufficiency. The authors further found that, for the study of interoception in the airways of conscious cats, which requires experimental induction of pathological conditions under brief anaesthesia, nitrous oxide is a convenient anesthetic.
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PMID:Effect of experimental hydrothorax on the cough reflex in conscious cats. 4 93

Thirty-six asthmatic children received placebo and cromolyn sodium, a new drug, in a double-blind crossover study; the majority were not using corticosteroids. Significant decreases in wheezing, breathlessness at rest, and cough occurred when the active drug was compared to placebo. Marked preference for cromolyn over placebo was expressed at the end of the study. Our results agree with previous reports on the effectiveness of cromolyn sodium. We found this drug to be especially useful as an adjunct to other treatment in the control of asthmatic children.
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PMID:Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of asthma: its effectiveness and use. 5 14

There were two cases of fatal interstitial pneumonia secondary to bleomycin sulfate administration. Although bleomycin pulmonary toxicity is generally thought to be dose-related and occurs infrequently with a total cummulative dose less than 300 to 400 units, the two reactions reported here occurred with doses of 105 and 165 units. Fatal bleomycin-induced pneumonia has been previously reported at these low dosages, and physicians should be aware that this toxic reaction may occur as an idiosyncratic response. Previous thoracic irradiation may be a predisposing factor. Patients receiving bleomycin should be meticulously monitored by interrogation for cough, dyspnea, and chest pain; by auscultation for rales; by serial chest roentgenograms; and by determinations of vital capacity and single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity.
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PMID:Fatal pulmonary reaction from low doses of bleomycin. An idiosyncratic tissue response. 5 5

The general incidence of whooping-cough is lower in fully immunised children, but present immunisation schedules do not adequately protect the infant below 1 year of age either from contracting infection or from its complications. In a recent outbreak in Glasgow, nearly one-third of notified cases were fully immunised. In Glasgow and probably in the U.K. as a whole, the persistance of whooping-cough in some areas is more strongly correlated with adverse socio-economic conditions that with lack of immunisation. The decline in recent years could be attributable to improvement in these conditions at least as much as to immunisation. There is no epidemiological justification for continuing mass immunisation, but there is a strong case for an intensified eradication policy which might include selective immunisation in high-risk groups and areas.
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PMID:Epidemiological evaluation of immunisation and other factors in the control of whooping-cough. 5 31

Patients with well-controlled bronchial asthma coming to a university health services clinic exhibited often irritating and sometimes unusual social behaviour. For example, they were more likely to arrive late for an appointment, or not to show up for it at all, than non-allergic healthy patients, patients with perennial rhinitis, patients with seasonal rhinitis, or patients being investigated for cardiac disease. Such behaviour may be just as much a sign of bronchial asthma as is coughing or wheezing.
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PMID:Behaviour in a medical clinic of patients with well-controlled bronchial asthma. 5 2

It was estimated from a survey of 418 children aged three weeks to twelve years with bacteriologically confirmed whooping-cough that about 95% of vaccinated children are protected by current vaccine. Protection could be increased even further by the greater use of adsorbed rather than plain vaccine and by closer adherence to a vaccination schedule. The lower incidence of infection, resulting from widespread acceptance of this highly effective vaccine, would also greatly reduce the exposure of infants who are too young to be immunished themselves; and eradication ow whooping-cough would be in sight.
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PMID:Protection by pertussis vaccine. Little cause for concern. 5 64

Calculations based on the mortality of whooping-cough before 1957 predict accurately the subsequent decline and the present low mortality. Notifications of incidence, though variable and incomplete, follow the same pattern of steady decline in the United Kingdom and are unaffected either by small-scale vaccination beginning about 1948 or by nationwide vaccination beginning in 1957. When valid comparisons can be made, attack-rates may be lower and complications fewer in vaccinated children, but allowance has to be made for overcrowding and socio-economic differences which may be more important as determinants of attack-rates. No protection by vaccination is demonstrable in infants. Adverse reactions and neurotoxicity following vaccinations were studied in 160 cases. In 79, the relationship to pertussis vaccine was strong. In 14 of these cases, reaction was transient but characteristic of a syndrome of shock and cerebral disturbance, which, in the other 65 cases, was followed by convulsions, hyperkinesis, and severe mental defect. It seems likely that most adverse reactions are unreported and that many are overlooked. Precise information about the efficacy and safety of this vaccine is lacking, because existing provisions, national and international, for epidemiological surveillance and evaluation are inadequate. The claim by official bodies that the risks of whooping-cough exceed those of vaccination is questionable, at least in the U.K.
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PMID:Vaccination against whooping-cough. Efficacy versus risks. 6 61


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