Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed extensive pneumonia due to Cryptococcus neoformans. A presumptive diagnosis based on results of a Wright's stain of the sputum was made and appropriate antifungal therapy was started. C neoformans was cultured in COUNTS AS HIGH AS 8 X 10(5)/ml of sputum and was present morphologically for three weeks after sputum cultures had become negative. During the patient's first week of hospitalization, C neoformans was cultured from sputum and on cough plates but from no other source in his room. This suggests the possibility of transmitting the fungus to susceptible persons by droplets from patients having extensive pulmonary cryptococcosis.
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PMID:Pulmonary cryptococcosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. 124 49

From June 1990 to August 1991, 21 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presented with systemic mycosis caused by Penicillium marneffei. Between August 1987 and August 1991, only five patients were observed who had P. marneffei infection but not HIV infection. The clinical presentation included fever, cough, and generalized papular skin lesions. For 11 of these 21 patients, the presumptive diagnosis of P. marneffei infection could be made by microscopic examination of Wright's-stained bone marrow aspirate and/or touch smears of skin specimens obtained by biopsy several days before the results of culture were available. Initial clinical response to treatment with either parenteral amphotericin B or oral itraconazole was favorable in most patients. Epidemiological and clinical evidence suggest that this systemic mycosis is caused by an important opportunistic pathogen and that it should be included in the differential diagnosis of AIDS, at least for countries in areas of endemicity, i.e., Southeast Asia and China.
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PMID:Penicillium marneffei infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 133 15

During a population survey in 1982-1983 among all community-dwelling elderly aged 65 years and over in East Boston, Massachusetts, measurements of peak expiratory flow rate using the mini-Wright peak flow meter were made on 3,582 participants (80% of those eligible). The average peak flow rate was 315 liters/minute, and a measure of peak flow rate adjusted for age, sex, height, and weight was computed. This was a highly significant (p less than 0.0001) predictor of 5-year total mortality, whose ascertainment was virtually complete. The relative risk was 1.27 (95 percent confidence interval 1.19-1.36) per 100 liters/minute decrease in peak flow rate, using a proportional hazards model including terms for age, sex, and smoking. There was no apparent modification of the effect of this measure in various categories of smoking, with relative risks of 1.24 for nonsmokers, 1.29 for ex-smokers, and 1.26 for current smokers. This finding also persisted after adjustments for other covariates, including respiratory symptoms such as cough, phlegm, and wheeze; cardiovascular risk factors such as history of myocardial infarction and stroke; and systolic and diastolic blood pressures; socioeconomic status; scores on simple tests of cognitive function; measures of physical activity and functional ability; and self-assessed state of health. In a stepwise model including all of these variables, the relative risk was 1.16 (p less than 0.0001) per 100 liters/minute decrease in peak flow rate, indicating that peak flow rate is a strong independent predictor of total mortality in the elderly.
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PMID:Peak expiratory flow rate and 5-year mortality in an elderly population. 202 Nov 45

A population survey was conducted in 1982-1983 among 3,812 persons aged 65 years and older residing in East Boston, Massachusetts, a geographically defined urban community. Three measurements of peak expiratory flow rate were obtained by using calibrated mini-Wright meters. Peak expiratory flow rate was strongly related to age, sex, smoking, and years smoked. After adjustment for these factors, low peak expiratory flow rate was associated with chronic respiratory symptoms (cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; p less than 0.0001) and with certain cardiovascular variables (history of stroke, p = 0.0014; angina, p = 0.05; and high pulse rate, p = 0.004). No significant associations were found with history of myocardial infarction or systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Peak expiratory flow rate was positively related to education (p less than 0.0001) and income (p less than 0.0001). Peak expiratory flow rate also was strongly related (p less than 0.0001) to measures of functional ability and physical activity, self-assessment of health, and simple measures of cognitive function. The correlations of peak expiratory flow rate with pulmonary symptoms and other indices of chronic disease raise the possibility that peak expiratory flow rate will predict mortality in an elderly population.
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PMID:Peak expiratory flow rate in an elderly population. 278 11

William Wright (1773-1860) was Surgeon-Aurist in Ordinary to Her Majesty Queen Charlotte of England. One interesting feature of his otologic practice was his employment of gases and vapors in treating deafness and other disorders of the ear. Among aeroform substances that he advocated for such uses were nitrous oxide and ether--gases that were destined to become anesthetic agents in another quarter of a century. Wright made the observation that inhalation of ether vapor would suppress the cough elicited by instrumentation of an inflamed and sensitive ear canal. He used ether inhalation beginning about 1820 in his practice for this purpose, and in so doing appears to have administered some of the earliest anesthetics on record.
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PMID:William Wright, aurist: nineteenth century pneumatic practitioner and a discoverer of anesthesia. 820 15

The free running test is a useful method for evaluation of exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. In young children this test simulates real-life circumstances and can be done more easily than histamine or methacholine challenges. The interrupter technique is a noninvasive method for measuring airflow resistance during tidal breathing. This approach requires minimal cooperation, and is therefore promising for use in young children. Fifty children aged 5-15 years with asthma symptoms were tested by exercise challenge consisting of free outdoor running for 8 min at 85% of maximal predicted heart rate for age. Pulmonary function was measured by using the interrupter technique (IR), with a Wright's peak flow meter (WPEF), and by flow-volume spirometry (FVS). The measurements were done before and 10 min after exercise. In addition, WPEF was measured at 5, 15, and 20 min after exercise. A fall of 15% or more in WPEF associated with wheezing or cough symptoms was considered a positive test. The exercise challenge was positive in 16 (32%) of the 50 children. Measurements at 10 min by WPEF identified 9 positive cases. At the same time point the IR identified 10 positive cases; a rise in resistance of 15% or more was considered positive, giving it 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity. The repeatability coefficient (CoR) for the interrupter technique was 0.06 kPa x L(-1) x s (13%) before and 0.07 kPa x L(-1) x s (14%) after exercise. The IR provides a useful alternative for estimation of airway obstruction in children following exercise challenge. The results were comparable with the current reference methods of forced expiratory volume in 1 s and peak flow measurements.
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PMID:Interrupter technique for evaluation of exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. 1021 60

For field studies of asthma, portable hand-held pulmonary function testing devices are required. Other than for peak flow measurements, little has been done to validate their use in children. Fifty children aged 5-15 years having asthma symptoms were examined using an exercise challenge (8 min free running outdoors) and a bronchodilation test (salbutamol inhalation at a dose of 0.15 mg/kg). Pulmonary function was measured with a turbine spirometer, with a Wright peak flow meter (WPEF) and with a flow-volume spirometer (FVS). A fall of 15% or more in peak expiratory flow associated with wheezing or cough was considered diagnostic for bronchial hyper-responsiveness to exercise (BHRE). A rise of 15% or more from baseline in peak expiratory flow after salbutamol inhalation was considered as a positive bronchodilator response (BDR). BHRE was present in 16 children (32%). Using the limit of a 15% or greater fall in FEV1, turbine spirometry identified 12 as BHRE-positive and no additional cases, giving a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 100%. The turbine spirometer showed lower FEV1 values than the FVS, the difference increasing with airway obstruction. BDR was positive in eight children (16%). Using the limit of a 10% or greater rise in FEV1, turbine spirometry was positive in six cases. FEV1 measured by turbine spirometry could not be used interchangeably with conventional FVS. However, the turbine spirometer offers the possibility to measure FEV1 repeatedly in field conditions, such as during exercise challenges outdoors.
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PMID:Use of pocket-sized turbine spirometer in monitoring exercise-induced bronchospasm and bronchodilator responses in children. 1067 24

Spirometry is used to monitor respiratory progress in children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Mucociliary clearance depends on cough strength, which can be measured by peak cough flow (PCF). It is not routinely measured in most centers. When the PCF falls below 270 l/min, mucociliary clearance is likely to be impaired during viral illnesses, and techniques to assist mucociliary clearance should be taught. There is no known association between spirometry and PCF. Our aim was to assess if PCF relates to spirometry measures, and if spirometry can be used to predict when the PCF <270 l/min. Children with DMD aged 6-19 years were recruited. Spirometry was performed with a Jaeger Masterscope with version 4.60 software. PCF was performed with a Wright peak flow meter. Data were collected into an Access '97 database, and statistics were performed with Stata 7.0. The association between PCF and spirometry was defined with linear regression. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability that the PCF would be <270 l/min for any given forced vital capacity (FVC) or forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1). The risk ratios for PCF <270 l/min were calculated for the spirometry parameters. PCF is associated with FVC (R2, 0.72) and FEV1 (R2, 0.69). The likelihood of PCF <270 l/min rises when FVC <2.l and FEV1 <2.l/sec. The risk ratio for PCF <270 l/min when FVC <2.1 l is 4.80 (1.72-13.40) and when FEV1 <2.1 l/sec is 3.94 (1.43-10.85). In children with DMD, PCF should be measured when FVC <2.1 l or FEV1 <2.1 l/sec, so that techniques to assist with mucociliary clearance can be effectively used.
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PMID:Relationship between peak cough flow and spirometry in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. 1576 40

School students in metro cities are often exposed to vehicle exhausts as their schools are situated mostly on the high traffic roadside. Acute exposure to automobile exhaust is associated with increased respiratory symptoms and may decrease and impair lung function in children. The lung functioning performance of the city school children was compared with rural school children where there is no pollution and automobile exhausts. In Kolkata, two schools for boys (n = 210) and two schools for girls (n = 200) and in rural area one school for boys (n = 99) and the other school for girls (n = 95) were investigated. City schools are situated on the main roadside, nearer to the traffic junction. The detail histories about health status of children, if they have any subjective feelings of health related problems during the school hours or after returning from the school, and the family histories were taken by questionnaire method. The pulmonary function tests (PFT) were carried out by Spirometric method by Spirovit-Sp-10 and Wright's Peak flow meter. The mean PFT values of the students found in the normal range. Boys were having higher values compared to the girls in both city and rural schools. Lung volumes and flow rates were significantly higher in rural students. Symptomatic changes like breathlessness, cough and other problems (sneezing, eye irritation, running nose etc.) among city schoolboys found 13%, 7% and 15% and in girls found 12%, 6% and 7% respectively. In symoptomatic students, mean PFT values were significantly lowered compared to non-symptomatic. PFT values were presented in relation to age and height. It has been found that a number of city school students are having different types of respiratory symptoms. Long-term effect of exposure into such environment may develop lung functional impairments.
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PMID:Respiratory health status of the roadside school children at Kolkata. 1684 59

A 4-month-old, intact male Boxer puppy was presented to the Animal Emergency and Critical Care Services of South Florida because of nasal discharge, dehydration, dyspnea, and coughing. The dog had been diagnosed with intestinal parasites and kennel cough approximately 10 days before presentation. Lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the thorax revealed an increased bronchointerstitial pattern throughout the lungs. A transtracheal wash was performed. On cytologic examination of direct, Wright-Giemsa-stained smears, small basophilic coccoid structures (0.3-0.9 microm in diameter) were observed in low to moderate numbers within neutrophils and adherent to epithelial cells. The small size of the organisms raised suspicion for Mycoplasma. Culture of the transtracheal wash fluid resulted in growth of a Mycoplasma sp. The patient was treated with enrofloxacin and amoxicillin/clavulanate and made a full recovery. Recognizing Mycoplasma in transtracheal washes could aid in recommending the appropriate culture media or immunologic techniques, which could result in an accurate diagnosis of mycoplasmosis.
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PMID:Transtracheal wash from a puppy with respiratory disease. 1712 58


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