Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The common cold is caused by more than 100 virus types. However, the clinical manifestation is always similar with rhinorrhea, stuffiness, sneezing, pharyngitis, laryngitis and cough. The local inflammatory reactions are not due to the presence of virus but caused by locally produced inflammatory mediators. Bacterial superinfections may cause otitis or sinusitis. Bacterial nasopharyngitis has been described in children. This entity possibly exists also in adults. Traditional viral cultures are rarely positive and are not recommended in the daily routine. In children, antigen detection for adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza virus are recommended to confirm the viral etiology or for epidemiological surveillance. The presence of group-A streptococci must be proven by culture or antigen detection before treatment with penicillin. Antiviral treatment is limited to interferon or ribavirin. New antiviral substances are in development. Today, treatment of common cold is limited to symptomatic measures, and antibiotic treatment is not justified.
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PMID:[Common cold: diagnostic steps? Antibiotics?]. 161 53

With the expanding knowledge of rhinovirus transmission and rhinovirus chemistry, the outlook for control of infections with these agents has brightened considerably. Although rhinoviruses are probably the world's leading cause of respiratory illness, they are surprisingly reluctant transmitters, infecting only about 50% of susceptibles in family-like settings. Current research suggests that rhinoviruses are spread chiefly by aerosol, rather than by fomites or personal contact. It has been possible to interrupt rhinovirus transmission completely by careful use of virucidal facial tissues, which, presumably, smothered aerosols generated by coughing, sneezing and nose blowing. Accordingly, it may be feasible to control rhinovirus (and perhaps other virus) dissemination by appropriate air handling and filtration systems in combination with careful nasal sanitation. Anti-rhinovirus drug development is also moving forward. Although there are over 100 rhinovirus serotypes, it has been found that most rhinoviruses attach to a single cell receptor by a single binding site on the virus. Also, the structure of the rhinovirus capsid is now known at the atomic level. These two pieces of knowledge about basic viral architecture appear to open new vistas for reasoned synthesis of antiviral drugs, and some promising compounds are now under investigation. Even interferon has been demonstrated useful in a family setting. On several research fronts, there are good grounds for optimism about control of rhinovirus colds.
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PMID:Transmission and control of rhinovirus colds. 244 13

A principal side effect of biological response modifiers (BRMs) is a constellation of constitutional symptoms often referred to as a "flu-like syndrome" (FLS). Precisely what this syndrome encompasses is frequently unclear, but its major components appear to be fever, chills, rigors, myalgias, and headache. Other components variously included are anorexia, nausea, upper respiratory symptoms such as nasal congestion and cough, and the ill-defined symptom, malaise. The manner in which the "flu-like" syndrome manifests itself during treatment with interferon (IFN), interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), and colony stimulating factors (CSFs) will be described with attention to frequency, duration and severity. The common mechanisms underlying the appearance of a flu-like syndrome during biotherapy will be elucidated with emphasis on the role of endogenous pyrogens and prostaglandins and on the physiology of the process. Methods to prevent or alleviate these uncomfortable side effects, including medical interventions such as alterations in schedule/route/dose of BRM administration and premedication with a variety of agents, as well as nursing measures such as patient education will be discussed.
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PMID:Recent advances in the management of biotherapy-related side effects: flu-like syndrome. 268 12

Interferons are produced in response to viral infections. Among the biochemical changes they cause in cells is the induction of the enzyme (2'-5')-oligo-isoadenylate synthetase. The activity of this enzyme can be measured and this can indicate exposure and response of cells to interferon. The efficacy of such an assay of peripheral blood of pregnant women may aid in establishing screening guidelines for potentially teratogenic viral infections. The blood of 44 primigravidas with complaints of fever, myalgia, cough, vaginal discharge and/or costovertebral angle tenderness was assayed for activity of the enzyme (2'-5')-oligo-isoadenylate synthetase and compared to assays of the enzyme activity in a group of 37 healthy primigravidas which served as a control group. It was found that the group with viral infections had an increase in enzyme activity from twice to 15 times the normal value, with characteristic rises of enzyme activity in several viruses known or suspected to cause human defects. Several general guidelines are proposed to assist the obstetrician in determining a viral etiology of acute illness in pregnancy, It is suggested that the assay of enzyme activity of (2'-5')-oligo-isoadenylate synthetase may provide a simple tool for rapid diagnosis of viral infections in pregnancy.
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PMID:Identification of viral infections in pregnancy by assay of (2'-5')-oligo-isoadenylate synthetase. 398 79

A longitudinal study of symptomatology and interferon production in 35 patients (13 children, 20 college students and 2 medical staff members) with influenza B viral infections is presented. The mean duration of illness was 11.3 days. Cough persisted for 9.8 days and nasal symptoms continued for 8.5 days. The mean duration of fever was 4.7 days. Diarrhea occurred in 8 patients; it had its onset on about the fourth day and persisted for 4 days. Interferon levels correlated directly with fever and generally with systemic symptoms but not with other aspects of disease severity, duration or serum hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody responses.
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PMID:Longitudinal study of influenza B symptomatology and interferon production in children and college students. 619 12

Further-attenuated strains of measles virus may be distinguished from virulent strains by the following characteristics. Unlike virulent strains, attenuated strains of measles virus can be propagated in chick embryo fibroblast cultures, induce production of interferon in tissue culture cells, and produce plaques that can be distinguished from those produced by virulent strains. Unlike virulent measles virus, attenuated strains induce an inapparent infection in approximately 85% of vaccines. Symptoms such as fever, cough and rash, if present, are usually transient. Bacterial and central nervous system complications associated with natural measles infection are extremely rare after immunization. A 16-year, prospective study of immunologic response of 47 children who had natural measles and of 70 children immunized with live, further-attenuated measles vaccine revealed (1) that all 47 children with natural measles infection had high titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody (greater than or equal to 1:64) one month after vaccination and 15% had low titers (1:2-1:4) 16 years after vaccination; and (2) that all 70 children who received live, further-attenuated measles vaccine had high titers of HAI antibody (greater than or equal to 1:64) one month after vaccination, but in 36% of the group the titers declined to less than 1:8 16 years later. Neutralizing antibody was detectable in convalescent sera that had lost detectable HAI antibody. Reimmunization of children with undetectable HAI antibody induced a classic booster response. These prospective immunologic studies confirmed that immunity persists after immunization as well as after natural measles infection.
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PMID:Further-attenuated measles vaccine: characteristics and use. 687 2

We investigated the side effects of interferon (IFN) on the endocrine and respiratory system in 545 cases of chronic hepatitis C. Eleven of 494 (2.2%) patients with chronic hepatitis C who were treated with natural or recombinant interferon (IFN) developed thyroid disease while on treatment. Eight patients developed hyperthyroidism and 3 patients developed hypothyroidism. All 11 patients required definitive therapy, who became euthyroid after the therapy. Two patients received nIFN alpha and one patient received rIFN alpha 2b developed diabetes mellitus. Two patients received rIFN alpha 2a and rIFN alpha 2b, respectively, developed interstitial pneumonia 12 weeks and 24 weeks later, respectively. One patient showed positive reaction for RA test and LE factor and positive LE cell, and complained of fever, arthralgia and dry cough. These phenomenon disappeared after the cessation of IFN therapy.
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PMID:[Side effects of interferon on endocrine and respiratory system in 545 cases of chronic hepatitis C]. 751 24

We present an unusual case of a patient with chronic hepatitis C who experienced dyspnea, fever, and cough after 2 1/2 months' treatment with interferon. His radiograph demonstrated diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed an increase in lymphocytes, especially CD8-positive cells. The lung biopsy findings were bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). The pulmonary symptoms disappeared and the chest radiograph became normal after interferon therapy was discontinued and corticosteroid therapy was given. Interferon is suspected to be responsible for the BOOP.
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PMID:Interferon-related bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. 777 50

A 48-year-old woman developed interstitial pneumonitis while receiving interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Laboratory studies prior to treatment showed elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels, but chest X-rays and physical examination revealed no abnormalities suggestive of interstitial pneumonitis. At the 9th week of interferon treatment (total dose, 380 MU of recombinant interferon-alpha, without other medications), the patient began to complain of cough and exertional dyspnea. A chest X-ray film revealed diffuse reticulo-nodular shadows in bilateral lung fields, suggesting a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis. A marked increase in lymphocyte count was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis was made as a result of transbronchial lung biopsy. Her clinical symptoms and abnormal lung shadows were reversible, improving within a month of the discontinuation of interferon, and disappearing promptly after exogenous corticosteroid was instituted. This may be the first case of drug-induced interstitial pneumonitis occurring during the course of treatment with interferon alone. We should be aware of the possibility of interstitial pneumonitis developing during treatment of chronic hepatitis C with interferon.
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PMID:Induction of interstitial pneumonitis during interferon treatment for chronic hepatitis C. 795 65

The idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is an infrequent entity defined by an eosinophil count > 1.5 x 10(9)/l and the specific infiltration of different organs not attributable to another disease. Its prognosis is marked by the complications derived from visceral, particularly cardiac, infiltration determining a median survival of less than one year if treatment is not administered. Although a notable prolongation in survival may be achieved in these patients with the administration of glucocorticoids and cytolytic drugs, mainly hydroxiurea, there remains a group of patients who do not respond to these therapeutic measures, thus leading to alpha interferon trials with promising results. A favourable experience with the use of alpha interferon in two patients with IHS resistant to conventional treatment is reported. The first patient presented a picture characterized by diarrhoea, palpitations and effort dyspnea demonstrating heart involvement suggestive of eosinophilic infiltration on echocardiographic study. The second patient presented dyspneic night cough and generalized pruritus in addition to anemia and thrombocytopenia. The administration of alpha interferon (3 x 10(6) U/3 days a week and 3 x 10(6) U/day, respectively) was followed in both cases by the rapid disappearance of the symptomatology, normalization of the hematologic parameters and a reduction of the eosinophilia to values of less than 1 x 10(9)/l. This response has maintained over the two years of control in which the patients have received alpha interferon as a maintenance treatment.
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PMID:[Alpha interferon treatment in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome resistant to conventional therapy]. 866 89


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