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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The extracranial venous system is complex and variable between individuals. Until recently, these variations were acknowledged as developmental variants and were not considered pathological findings. However, in the last decade, the presence and severity of uni- or bi-lateral jugular venous reflux (JVR) was linked to several central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, cough headache, primary exertional headache and, most recently, to Alzheimer's disease. The most recent introduction of a composite criteria-based vascular condition named chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), which was originally linked to multiple sclerosis, increased the interest in better understanding the role of the extracranial venous system in the pathophysiology of CNS disorders. The ultimate cause-consequence relationship between these conditions and CNS disorders has not been firmly established and further research is needed. The purpose of this article collection in BMC Medicine and BMC Neurology is to synthesize current concepts and most recent findings concerning the evaluation, etiology, pathophysiology and clinical relevance of the potential involvement of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of multiple CNS disorders and in aging.
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PMID:Is there a link between the extracranial venous system and central nervous system pathology? 2434 42

Sulfur mustard (SM) is an alkylating chemical warfare agent with high military significance due to its high toxicity, resistance and availability. SM was widely used in military conflicts, the last being the Iran-Iraq war with more than 100,000 Iranians exposed, one-third of whom are still suffering from late effects. The intensity of the delayed complications correlates to the extent, the area and the route of exposure. The clinical manifestations most commonly involve respiratory, ocular and dermal effects. Respiratory complications include dyspnea, cough and expectorations and various obstructive and restrictive lung diseases. Dermal complications are itching, burning sensation, blisters, dry skin, dermatitis and pigmentary changes. Ocular complications include photophobia, red eye, tearing, corneal ulcers and blindness. Although the picture remains incomplete the major mechanisms responsible for the clinical and pathological effects of SM are: DNA alkylation and cross-linking, protein modification and membrane damage in addition to induction of inflammatory mediators in the target tissues causing extensive necrosis, apoptosis and loss of tissue structure. The current report reviews long-term complications of SM exposure, focusing on new treatments tested in clinical trials conducted on humans. Such treatments include: N-acetyl cysteine, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, Interferon-gamma, furosemide and morphine for the respiratory complications. Ocular complications may entail: Invasive procedures treating corneal complication, limbal ischemia and stem cell deficiency. Treatment for dermatological complications include: anti-depressants, pimercrolimus, Unna's boot, capsaicin, phenol and menthol, Aloe vera and olive oil, curcumin and Interferon-gamma.
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PMID:[Long-term complications of sulfur mustard exposure: a therapeutic update]. 2479 66

Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of cats and dogs. The disease is endemic throughout the United States and causes significant morbidity in children, including damage to the lungs, liver, or central nervous system, especially the eyes. Two well established clinical syndromes of disease include visceral and ocular toxocariasis. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include abdominal pain, cough, or wheezing. Vision loss or strabismus are common symptoms of ocular toxocariasis. Serologic testing for presence of Toxocara antibody is available, although a positive test result does not necessarily correlate with active clinical infection. Albendazole or mebendazole is the recommended treatment for visceral toxocariasis. Treatment options for ocular toxocariasis include corticosteroids or ophthalmic surgery; anthelminthic medications also may be used. Risk for toxocariasis can be reduced by handwashing after soil contact, routine pets deworming, discouraging geophagia, and appropriate disposal of pet feces.
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PMID:Toxocariasis: A Review for Pediatricians. 2662 68

Objective Conversion disorder (CD) is a mental disorder in which patient displays neurological symptoms such as blindness, mutism, paralysis and seizure. It starts when our mind converts our mental stress into a physical symptom. A 15-year-old single white female with chronic cough, which had begun 5 months ago, was brought to our clinic. She had no history of hospitalization. His daily cough was without sputum production or fever, rhinorrhea and stopped during sleep. There was no recent exposure to tobacco smoke or a person with a chronic productive cough. Laboratory tests were normal. She had engaged 4 months ago. Doing sex during engagement is prohibited in her culture but and had anal sex, because of her spouse's trend. Psychotherapy was done and complete recovery was accomplished.
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PMID:Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder: Mismanagement, Misdiagnosis, Chronic Cough Following Sexual Abuse: A Rare Case Report. 2724 90

Measles is an infectious disease in humans caused by the measles virus (MeV). Before the introduction of an effective measles vaccine, virtually everyone experienced measles during childhood. Symptoms of measles include fever and maculopapular skin rash accompanied by cough, coryza and/or conjunctivitis. MeV causes immunosuppression, and severe sequelae of measles include pneumonia, gastroenteritis, blindness, measles inclusion body encephalitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Case confirmation depends on clinical presentation and results of laboratory tests, including the detection of anti-MeV IgM antibodies and/or viral RNA. All current measles vaccines contain a live attenuated strain of MeV, and great progress has been made to increase global vaccination coverage to drive down the incidence of measles. However, endemic transmission continues in many parts of the world. Measles remains a considerable cause of childhood mortality worldwide, with estimates that >100,000 fatal cases occur each year. Case fatality ratio estimates vary from <0.01% in industrialized countries to >5% in developing countries. All six WHO regions have set goals to eliminate endemic transmission of MeV by achieving and maintaining high levels of vaccination coverage accompanied by a sensitive surveillance system. Because of the availability of a highly effective and relatively inexpensive vaccine, the monotypic nature of the virus and the lack of an animal reservoir, measles is considered a candidate for eradication.
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PMID:Measles. 2741 84

Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction recorded in Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing in the Han Dynasty have been widely used in treating Yang deficiency and exogenous wind-cold syndrome by traditional Chinese medicine physicians for thousands of years. The indications of Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction include bradyarrhythmia,sinus bradycardia,sick sinus node syndrome,senile exogenous,asthmatic cold,rhinitis,bronchial asthma,optic neuritis,optic atrophy,sudden blindness,sudden onset of cough,laryngeal obstruction,migraine,joint pain,low back pain,insomnia,shock,heart failure,renal failure,accompanied by fever or nosocomial infection,and hyperpyrexia after tracheotomy; dark complexion,chills,cold limbs,listlessness,fatigue,insomnia,lack of thirst,liking hot drinks,slightly swollen limbs or whole body,pale fat tongue,greasy fur,and deep pulse. Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction is a potential drug for Shaoyin disease complicated with fever and pain. Tracheal intubation is an artificial ephedrine syndrome. It is necessary to distinguish Yin and Yang syndrome in treating hyperpyrexia after tracheotomy. However,it belongs to Yin syndrome,which could be treated by Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction. Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction is effective in the treatment of sick sinus syndrome,second degree atrioventricular block and third degree atrioventricular block. It can significantly alleviate symptoms,improve heart rate,and heart rhythm in a short period of time. However,after one year of drug withdrawal,the diseases may recur,indicating that Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction may not improve the long-term prognosis of slow arrhythmia. Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction is often used for fever or nosocomial infection in critical care medicine. In the treatment of critical care medicine complicated with high fever,Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction is often taken continuously by stomach tube.
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PMID:[Exploration of Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction formula syndromes based on severe cases of critical care and its application for nosocomial infection in critical care medicine including hyperpyrexia after tracheotomy and severe pain accompanied by acute myocardial infarction and diabetic peripheral neuropathy]. 3187 17

A 71-year-old woman was hospitalized for the treatment of fatigue, fever, and cough. On admission, she showed increased serum inflammation markers, severe anemia, pulmonary hemorrhage, and advanced acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Her serum anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody titer was found to be extremely high on the 7th hospital day. She was eventually diagnosed with anti-GBM disease. She was treated with a combination of corticosteroid pulse therapy, oral prednisolone and cyclophosphamide, and plasma exchange, but continued to require maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage kidney disease. During her treatment, she suddenly developed headache, blindness, seizure, and consciousness disturbance. She was diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) with subcortical cerebral hemorrhage. Both the PRES and cerebral hemorrhage subsided soon after control of her hypertension and reinforcement of immunosuppressive treatment. PRES, particularly when accompanied by cerebral hemorrhage, may cause irreversible and lethal neurological abnormalities, and nephrologists should, therefore, be aware of the potential risk of PRES in patients with anti-GBM disease. We discuss the current case in the light of the previous literature.
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PMID:Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease complicated with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and subcortical cerebral hemorrhage: a case report and review of the literature. 3227 58


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