Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Isoaminile (Peracon) has found in Italy a certain success as a substitute for hard narcotcis. Three observations are reported in which five young adults have been intoxicated by the i.v. administration of the cough suppressant. On the basis of two opposed points of view suggested by the Literature to explain the compulsive abuse of this drug, the A. have studied its physical dependence capacity by using an original technique. The isoaminile cyanide release has been measured too. The experimental results demonstrate that isoaminile does not determine a physical dependence; a slight CN- release activity occurs in vivo only with high doses.
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PMID:Some cases of acute intoxications from compulsive use of isoaminile. 51 94

1. The paper describes the mental disturbances of 44 abusive cases of "BRON," an over-the-counter (OTC) cough suppressant solution containing methylephedrine, codeine, caffeine, and chlorpheniramine. 2. Major psychiatric symptoms observed included hallucinatory-paranoid state and affective disorder. There also were groups which exhibited a combination of the two states and abuse only. 3. The hallucinatory-paranoid state group had a relatively small BRON usage amount, short usage term and few withdrawal symptoms. The affective disorder group, in contrast, had large usage amount, longer usage term, and showed significant autonomic nerve disorders during withdrawal. These tendencies were seen more clearly in the mixed state group. 4. The hallucinatory-paranoid state group showed little or no physical dependence, while that of the affective disorder group was thought to be firmly established. Thus, in the former group, methylephedrine was considered the major behavior modifying drug, while in the latter, it was thought to be codeine.
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PMID:Abuse of "BRON": a Japanese OTC cough suppressant solution containing methylephedrine, codeine, caffeine and chlorpheniramine. 174 28

The effects of constituents of an antitussive and expectorant preparation on physical dependence potential and antitussive activity of dihydrocodeine (DC) were studied. Rats were treated with DC, methylephedrine (ME), chlorpheniramine (CP), and caffeine (CA) singly or simultaneously admixed with food (DC 0.125, ME: 0.25, CP: 0.05, CA: 0.25 mg /g of food) for 7 days. Subsequently, rats were treated with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg, sc) and withdrawal signs produced were observed. Naloxone-precipitated body weight loss in DC-treated rats was suppressed by simultaneous administration of the three drugs (ME, CP and CA) or CP, which is a H1-receptor antagonist. In abrupt withdrawal, the withdrawal signs were also suppressed by CP. Moreover, tripelennamine, the same kind of H1-receptor antagonist, suppressed naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs, but cimetidine H2-receptor antagonist, did not suppress them. These results may suggest that H1-receptor antagonists suppress the development of physical dependence on DC, and that H1-receptors play an important role in the physical dependence. On the other hand, the cough reflex was induced by electric stimulation in order to evaluate the influence of ME, CP, and CA on antitussive effect of DC in guinea pigs. ME enhanced the effect of DC. These experimental findings suggest that the constituents of the antitussive and expectorant preparation suppress the development of physical dependence on DC, though they increase the antitussive effect of DC.
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PMID:[The effects of constituents of an antitussive and expectorant preparation on physical dependence on and antitussive activity of dihydrocodeine]. 198 Apr 11

The effects of L-tryptophan and the major constituents of cough medicines on the antitussive effect of dihydrocodeine were examined in a comparative study with anesthetized rats. The antitussive effect of dihydrocodeine was enhanced by simultaneous administration of noscapine or methylephedrine. In rats treated with noscapine and methylephedrine together, the effect of dihydrocodeine was more markedly enhanced. Furthermore L-tryptophan reduced by half the antitussive ED50 (AtD50) of dihydrocodeine. There was no difference between the AtD50 of dihydrocodeine when administered in combination with noscapine and methylephedrine and that of dihydrocodeine when combined with noscapine and L-tryptophan. The AtD50 of noscapine and dextromethorphan was also reduced by about half when what was administered with L-tryptophan. By contrast, the liability with respect to physical dependence on dihydrocodeine was not enhanced by the simultaneous administration of L-tryptophan. These results suggest that L-tryptophan can be considered to be a useful constituent of antitussive preparations.
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PMID:Effects of L-tryptophan on the effects of antitussives. 238 57

The effects of noscapine and chlorpheniramine on physical dependence liability and antitussive activity of dihydrocodeine, a narcotic antitussive, were studied. For developing physical dependence, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with dihydrocodeine (DC), noscapine (N), and chlorpheniramine (CP) singly or simultaneously admixed with food (drug-admixed food method (DAF): DC: 0.125, N: 0.25, CP: 0.05 mg/g of food, for 7 days) or were intermittently medicated for 3 days at one-hour intervals through an implanted intravenous cannula (infusion method: DC: 0.5-2, N: 1-4, CP: 0.2-0.8 mg/kg x 24 times/day). Subsequently, rats were treated with naloxone (0.5 mg/kg, sc) and checked for withdrawal signs during 3 hours. Naloxone-precipitated body weight loss of DC was suppressed by simultaneous administration of N or CP. In combined group of DC, N, and CP, withdrawal signs, such as body weight loss, body shakes, and diarrhea, were more remarkably suppressed. Papaverine, the same kind of spasmolytic as N, was tested by the same schedule of DAF. Papaverine did not suppress the naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs of DC. These results suggest that suppressive effect of N is not due to its spasmolytic action. On the other hand, the cough reflex was induced by electric stimulation in guinea pigs and the fifty percent of antitussive dose (AtD50) was estimated in order to evaluate the influence of N and CP on antitussive effect of DC. N and CP did not change the antitussive effect of DC. These results may suggest that N and CP suppress the development of physical dependence of DC without diminishing the pharmacological effects of DC.
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PMID:[The effects of noscapine and chlorpheniramine on physical dependence and antitussive activity of dihydrocodeine]. 321 81

CH-13584 (formerly: KHL-8425, 1H-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-7[(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl], CAS 115779-20-9) showed antitussive effect on the citric acid spray-induced cough model. The antitussive effect of p.o. CH-13584 was antagonised by i.m. or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) naloxone, i.m. nor-binaltorphimine or s.c. beta-funaltrexamine. Intracerebroventricular administration of CH-13584 induced long-lasting antitussive effect which was antagonised by coadministration of i.c.v. naloxone. CH-13584 did not bind to opioid mu, delta, kappa receptor in vitro or inhibit the [3H]diprenorphine binding in vivo. Two-week treatment with CH-13584 up to the dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. did not produce autonomic and behavioural signs of withdrawal induced either by drug withdrawal or by naloxone injection, while morphine and codeine induced characteristic opioid-type physical dependence in rats.
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PMID:Experimental studies on the antitussive properties of the new xanthine derivative 1H-purine-2,6-dione, 3,7-dihydro-3-methyl-7[(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl) methyl]. 3rd communication: examinations on opioid mechanisms and physical drug dependence. 989 29

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the upper airway and is also a very common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough following an upper respiratory viral infection is transient, and persistent cough is associated with a whole range of conditions, such as asthma, rhino-sinusitis and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve the associated cough. There is often a need, however, to control cough itself whatever the cause. The most effective drugs in this class are the opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but at effective doses they have side effects including drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Investigations into the cough reflex and into the potential mechanisms of sensitised cough reflex have uncovered several potential targets for novel drugs. New opioids apart from mu-agonists such as kappa- and delta -receptor agonists, have been developed, in addition to non-opioids such as nociceptin. Neurokinin receptor antagonists, bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanniloid receptor VR-1 antagonists may be beneficial by blocking effects of tachykinins and sensory nerve activation. Local anaesthetics, blockers of sodium-dependent channels and maxi-K Ca2+-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves are inhibitors of the cough reflex. Some of these novel agents may act centrally or peripherally or at both sites as antitussives. Large scale trials of these novel compounds have not been carried out in cough in man but there is a serious need for more effective antitussives devoid of side effects.
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PMID:Cough: potential pharmacological developments. 1208 6

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the upper airway and is also a very common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough after an upper respiratory virus infection is transient, and persistent cough is associated with a whole range of conditions such as asthma, rhino-sinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve the associated cough. There is often a need, however, to control cough itself, whatever the cause. The most effective drugs in this class are the opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but at effective doses they have side-effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Investigations into the cough reflex and into the potential mechanisms of sensitised cough reflex have uncovered several potential targets for novel drugs. New opioids such as k- and d-receptor agonists apart from m-agonists have been developed, in addition to non-opioid, nociceptin. Neurokinin receptor antagonists, bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanilloid receptor VR-1 antagonists may be beneficial by blocking effects of tachykinins, and sensory nerve activation. Local anaesthetics, blockers of sodium-dependent channels, and maxi-K CA2+-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves are inhibitors of the cough reflex. Some of these novel agents may act centrally or peripherally or at both sites as antitussives. Large scale trials of these novel compounds have not been tried in cough in man, but there is a serious need for more effective antitussives devoid of side-effects.
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PMID:Therapy for cough: active agents. 1209 88

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the airway and a common symptom of respiratory disease. After an upper respiratory tract virus infection, cough is transient, but is more persistent with conditions such as asthma, rhinosinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve cough, but there remains a need to control cough directly. The most effective antitussives are opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but they produce side effects including drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Opioids such as k- and d-opioid receptor agonists, non-opioids such as nociceptin, neurokinin and bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanilloid receptor VR(1) antagonists, blockers of sodium-dependent channels, and maxi-K calcium-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves may all represent novel antitussives and this needs to be confirmed in clinical trials.
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PMID:Current and future prospects for drugs to suppress cough. 1291 74

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the airway and also a common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough after common respiratory virus infection is transient but is more persistent when associated with conditions such as asthma, rhinosinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Persistent cough may be due to peripheral and/or central sensitisation of cough reflexes initiated by cough receptors, rapidly adapting receptors or nociceptors. Treatment directed at associated conditions such as asthma (with anti-inflammatories) and gastro-oesophageal reflux (with proton-pump inhibitors) improve cough. There remains a need to use drugs that suppress the neural activity of cough (termed nonspecific), as treatments directed at the clinical cause(s) of the underlying cough (termed specific) may not be effective. The most effective indirect antitussives are opioids such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but they produce side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Opioids such as kappa- and delta-receptor agonists, non-opioids such as nociceptin, neurokinin and bradykinin receptor antagonists, cannabinoids, vanilloid receptor-1 antagonists, blockers of Na+-dependent channels, and large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+-channel activators of afferent nerves may represent novel antitussives.
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PMID:Drugs to suppress cough. 1570 18


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