Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dysphagia is a frequent symptom in parkinsonism, but it is less commonly reported by patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), especially in the early phases. Sixty-five patients with IPD were questioned about symptoms of dysphagia and an objective swallowing test was administered. Reduced swallowing speed for food and complaints of food sticking in the throat, wet voice and cough after liquid intake and nocturnal sialorrhea were reported, respectively, by 35%, 20% and 15% of patients. On objective examination, oral-phase (facial, tongue and palatal musculature) abnormalities were found in 70% of patients. Lingual transfer movements, mainly propulsion, and palatal elevation were severely hypokinetic. Wet voice after liquid intake and cough reflex after solid/liquid intake were detected in 40% of patients. On the other hand, severe dysphagia with frequent food aspiration and chest infections requiring antibiotics in the last 12 months was not found; cough reflex was retained in all patients. On the basis of these results, a regular assessment on swallowing abilities in patients with IPD is warranted in the clinical setting because with simple dietary advice and a short rehabilitative training, the quality of life in these patients can be improved.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of dysphagia in early phases of Parkinson's disease. 1254 73

The advance of functional genomics revealed the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Hundreds of GPCRs have been cloned but many of them are orphan GPCRs with unidentified ligands. The first identified orphan GPCR is the opioid receptor like orphan receptor, ORL1. It was cloned in 1994 during the identification of opioid receptor subtypes and was de-orphanized in 1995 by the discovery of its endogenous ligand, nociceptin or orphanin FQ (N/OFQ). This receptor was renamed as N/OFQ peptide (NOP) receptor. Several selective ligands acting at NOP receptors or other anti-N/OFQ agents have been reported. These include N/OFQ-derived peptides acting as agonists (cyclo[Cys(10),Cys(14)]N/OFQ, [Arg(14), Lys(15)]N/OFQ, [pX]Phe(4)N/OFQ(1-13)-NH(2), UFP-102, [(pF)Phe(4),Aib(7), Aib(11),Arg(14),Lys(15)]N/OFQ-NH(2)) or antagonists (Phe(1)psi(CH(2)-NH)Gly(2)]N/OFQ(1-13)-NH(2), [Nphe(1)]N/OFQ(1-13)-NH(2), UFP-101, [Nphe(1), (pF)Phe(4),Aib(7),Aib(11),Arg(14),Lys(15)]N/OFQ-NH(2)), hexapeptides, other peptide derivatives (peptide III-BTD, ZP-120, OS-461, OS-462, OS-500), non-peptide agonists (NNC 63-0532, Ro 64-6198, (+)-5a compound, W-212393, 3-(4-piperidinyl)indoles, 3-(4-piperidinyl) pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines) and antagonists (TRK-820, J-113397, JTC-801, octahydrobenzimidazol-2-ones, 2-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1 H-indole, N-benzyl-D-prolines, SB-612111), biostable RNA Spiegelmers specific against N/OFQ, and a functional antagonist, nocistatin. Buprenorphine and naloxone benzoylhydrazone are two opioid receptor ligands showing high affinity for NOP receptors. NOP receptor agonists might be beneficial in the treatment of pain, anxiety, stress-induced anorexia, cough, neurogenic bladder, edema, drug dependence, and, less promising, in cerebral ischemia and epilepsy, while antagonists might be of help in the management of pain, depression, dementia and Parkinsonism. N/OFQ is also involved in cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and immune regulation. Altered plasma levels of N/OFQ have been reported in patients with various pain states, depression and liver diseases. This review summarizes the pharmacological characteristics of, and studies with, the available NOP receptor ligands and their possible clinical implications.
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PMID:Nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptors: pharmacology and clinical implications. 1726 36

Recently clinical studies have proved without doubts that in patients affect by neurological diseases, like stroke, parkinsonism syndromes and others neurodegenerative pathologies, there is a very elevated incidence of swallowing disorders even severe. The disease can show up in a full blown way, with clinical evident signs like suffocation or frequent and sudden cough, at the moment in which the patient tries to feed or to drink; or it can appear in a less clear way, through an unable protection of the low airway and with possible pathologies ab ingestis. The first signals are represented by frequent resulting of cough reflex at nutrition or hydratation. Important is to assess the validity of this reflection, monitoring the amount of food reflux in the mouth after swallowing, which then could be perceived like foreign body and be aspired. The main diagnostic tests are the pHmetry in 24h, ultrasound, esophagography, videofluoroscopy, endoscopic examination and scintigraphy. Through the FEES (Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing) we can then identify the time of swallowing deficit. Early diagnosis of Dysphagia Syndrome is important to improve living condition and survival of patients.
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PMID:The evaluation of disphagic syndrome, in patients with previously acquired brain damages. 2328 83

The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of the literature on the topic of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and its effects on swallowing function in Parkinson's disease (PD). Pubmed, Cochrane review, and web of science searches were completed on all articles addressing DBS that contained a swallowing outcome measure. Outcome measures included the penetration/aspiration scale, pharyngeal transit time, oropharyngeal residue, drooling, aspiration pneumonia, death, hyolaryngeal excursion, epiglottic inversion, UPDRS scores, and presence of coughing/throat clearing during meals. The search identified 13 studies specifically addressing the effects of DBS on swallowing. Critical assessment of the 13 identified peer-reviewed publications revealed nine studies employing an experimental design, (e.g. "on" vs. "off", pre- vs. post-DBS) and four case reports. None of the nine experimental studies were found to identify clinically significant improvement or decline in swallowing function with DBS. Despite these findings, several common threads were identified across experimental studies and will be examined in this review. Additionally, available data demonstrate that, although subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation has been considered to cause more impairment to swallowing function than globus pallidus internus (GPi) stimulation, there are no experimental studies directly comparing swallowing function in STN vs. GPi. Moreover, there has been no comparison of unilateral vs. bilateral DBS surgery and the coincident effects on swallowing function. This review includes a critical analysis of all experimental studies and discusses methodological issues that should be addressed in future studies.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013 Sep
PMID:Swallowing and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. 2372 61

A 72-year-old woman developed new-onset depression, sustained an unexplained fall, and started walking cautiously. After 1 year, her depression resolved but she developed a dry cough. One year later, she experienced a more rapid decline in her gait with parkinsonism, visual difficulties with restricted vertical gaze, slowed horizontal and vertical saccades, dysphagia, apathy, and progressive cognitive decline, which led to her death 2 years later. The differential diagnosis, neuroimaging, and pathological findings are discussed, as well as their public health implications.
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PMID:Precipitous Deterioration of Motor Function, Cognition, and Behavior. 2826 87

[Purpose] In patients with parkinsonism, the precise mechanism of impaired voluntary cough remains poorly understood. This study used the flow-volume curve to clarify whether disordered voluntary cough reflects the freezing phenomenon. [Subjects and Methods] Case 1 was a 58-year-old female who had been suffering from progressive supranuclear palsy-pure akinesia with gait freezing. Case 2 was a 59-year-old female who had advanced juvenile parkinsonism. The subjects were asked to take a deep inspiration to the total lung capacity and then cough more than five times through the face mask into the spirometer without intervening inspirations between the coughing efforts. [Results] Hesitation in cough initiation (case 2), decreased peak cough flow (case 1), and rounding of the first spike (cases 1 and 2) were observed. In addition, movements of the spike wave at a lower lung volume became progressively smaller and faster (cases 1 and 2). [Conclusion] These clinical manifestations in our patients are similar to those observed in the freezing phenomenon. However, to date, the concept of cough freezing has been underrecognized in clinical practice. From the present study, it could be hypothesized that the freezing phenomenon can occur in voluntary cough as well as in gait, speech, and writing.
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PMID:Disordered voluntary cough as freezing phenomenon in parkinsonism. 2835 54