Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Beliefs and practices of 100 urban mothers regarding "hot" and "cold" foods during four common childhood illnesses were determined by using a pretested, partly structured interview schedule. Egg, by 60% of mothers, mango by 52%, lentils by 49%, jaggery by 46% were considered "hot" properties. "Hot" foods were preferred and "cold" foods restricted in the treatment of cough and cold and illnesses with rash. In diarrhoea, "cold" foods were preferred and "hot" foods restricted. The knowledge that many food combinations and certain procedures are believed to change the properties of common food may be utilized in promoting the consumption of nutritionally balanced diets. Introduction of culturally acceptable education in nutrition which incorporates the above knowledge is likely to help in the prevention of protein-energy malnutrition and to increase parental co-operation during therapy.
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PMID:Beliefs and practices of urban mothers regarding "hot" and "cold" foods in childhood illnesses. 618 86

The clinical pattern of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in children admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital (PMGH) was studied. Most patients (60%) were less than twelve months of age. Common symptoms were cough, fever and shortness of breath. Common signs were crepitations, chest recession, elevated temperature and tachypnoea. Concurrent illness was common, with evidence of malnutrition in 62% patients. Most patients were anaemic (haemoglobin less than 10g per dl). Blood cultures isolated pathogens in 13% of patients in which it was done, the most common isolate being Haemophilus influenzae. Chest radiograph showed most patients had multisegmental changes, with the lower lobes commonly involved. Of the 129 patients, discharges accounted for 106 (82%), while 15 (12%) absconded and eight (6%) died. Of those 121 discharged or absconding, 15 (12%) were readmitted within three months of departure. Sixty-six (51%) patients stayed in hospital for four days or less. Of the eight patients who died, six (75%) were malnourished, six (75%) were less than eighteen months of age, seven (87.5%) were sick for one week or less before admission, five (62.5%) had received antibiotics before admission and chest radiograph showed more lung zones affected than in those not dying. Of the eight patients who died, six had white cell counts (WCC) performed and none of these was more than 30,000.
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PMID:Acute lower respiratory tract infections in children admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital. 633 17

Seven patients with cystic fibrosis who had complications of gastroesophageal reflux including abdominal pain, peptic esophagitis, upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and esophageal stricture are described. We believe that these are gastrointestinal complications of CF and that they may be responsible for significant morbidity. The mechanical influence of a depressed diaphragm caused by hyperinflation, along with increased abdominal pressure with chronic coughing, may contribute to GER in CF. Early detection and treatment are important not only to prevent esophageal complications but also to increase the quality of life by relief of pain and by avoiding the resultant decrease in appetite, which can contribute to malnutrition.
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PMID:Complications of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with cystic fibrosis. 706

Out of 130 children under 12 years of age with a diagnosis of typhoid fever, nine were under two years of age; the youngest was five months old. Six patients were males and the most frequent findings were: high fever, poor physical condition, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, dehydration, meteorism, liver and spleen enlargement, cough, bleeding disorders and central nervous system abnormalities which were suggestive of sepsis. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed in all patients through the isolation of Salmonella typhi in blood cultures. The Widal reaction showed higher than 1/160 "O" and "H" agglutinin titers in five out of six patients in which it was performed. Neutrophilia was observed in all cases, with a shift to the left in five of them. Anemia was present in all of them. The following complications were found: hepatitis (1 case), hepatitis and meningitis (1 case), bronchopneumonia (1 case), and bleeding abnormalities (4 cases). Two of the patients died; the deaths were attributed to late diagnosis and insufficient antibiotic treatment.
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PMID:[Typhoid fever in children under 2 years of age]. 727 78

Between 1975 and 1983 health care expenditures in Ghana dropped to a low point as a consequence of the structural readjustment program instituted by the World Bank. During 1975-76 only 15% of available funds were spent on primary health care (PHC), which was officially introduced in the late 1970s. PHC made up 20-25% of the health care expenditures by 1991 with about 25% of health personnel engaged in PHC. 2/3 of health care delivery covered urban areas when 60% of the population lived in the countryside. The district of Ejisu-Juaben in the Ashanti region had high morbidity. Tetanus, polio, whooping-cough, and diphtheria had been brought under control, but measles, diarrhea, and malnutrition were still widespread among children under 5 years old. Malaria, bilharzia, intestinal parasites, respiratory infections, hepatitis, anemia, hypertension, and vitamin A deficiency were also grave problems. AIDS was on the rise. Child mortality amounted to 130/1000 live births and maternal mortality to 1400/100,000 cases. The medical structure of the district comprises 10 health posts (6 governmental and 4 mission). Only 72 villages and 120,000 people are cared for. Each post has a mobile team. In 1993 a new community-based health care program began funded by Save the Children Netherlands. In 60 villages a village health committee existed but they were substandard. They were either reactivated or new committees were set up. Training activities were also started in prenatal care, delivery, care of malnutrition and diarrhea, hygiene, and sanitation. Two years later safe motherhood indicators had improved; postnatal care increased from 16% to 49%; medical deliveries increased from 27% to 37%; the share of families with contraceptive acceptance increased from 7% to 21%; and tetanus vaccination among mothers was estimated to have increased from 27% to 86%.
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PMID:[Primary health care in Ghana: no pay no cure?]. 750 Oct 68

A descriptive study was undertaken to document clinical and socio-demographic features and also to identify risk factors for mortality in children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI). A total of 704 children aged from 1 month to 5 years admitted to Harare Central Hospital were studied. The peak age group was between 1 and 6 months. Seventy per cent of the children were found to have normal nutrition and 12% severe malnutrition. Seventy-eight per cent had severe and the remainder moderate ALRI (WHO classification). Clinical HIV infection was diagnosed in 219 (31%) children. One hundred and four children died, an overall case fatality rate (CFR) of 15%. In the clinically HIV-infected children, a CFR of 28% occurred, which constituted 60% of the overall ALRI mortality. A much lower CFR of 9% was found in the clinically non-HIV-infected children. Malnutrition, severe ALRI, age of 1 to 6 months, concurrent diarrhoea, duration of cough > or = 14 days and previous history of admission for ALRI were significant risk factors for mortality in ALRI. Low birthweight was not found to be a risk factor in this study. The impact of HIV infection on mortality in children with ALRI is of major concern in Zimbabwe and should be an important component of the national ALRI programme.
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PMID:Acute lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children in Zimbabwe. 750 50

Seven hundred and three Nigerian village children in their first six years of life were subjected to anthropometric measurements and physical examination in early 1988. The heights of 66.9% and weights of 60.5% of them fell below the third percentile of a Nigerian equivalent for international reference population standard. Mid upper arm circumference values indicated moderate to severe malnutrition in over 25% of all 1-5 year old children surveyed. Fever, cough, headache and diarrhoea were the commonest symptoms encountered in the children. Mild pallor of the conjunctival mucosa and physical signs of protein energy malnutrition were commonly seen. Fungal and septic skin lesions were present in 11.45 and 11.1% of the children respectively, whilst rhinorrhoea was seen in 4.7%, otitis media in 6% and pharyngotonsillitis in 3.3%. Thirty four (4.8%) of the children had haemic whereas five had pathological murmurs. Dental calculi were present in 15.8%, umbilical herniae in 18.2%, hepatomegaly in 48.2% and splenomegaly in 23% of the children. Seven (1%) had cerebral palsy. The implication is that malnutrition, sickle cell disease, malaria and other infections are the prevailing causes of morbidity in the preschool aged children surveyed. Desirable improvements include upgrading socio-economic and living conditions and instituting appropriate control measures.
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PMID:Anthropometric measurement in children aged 0-6 years in a Nigerian village. 758 49

Cross-sectional morbidity in 2 successive quarterly survey rounds and subsequent 27-months mortality were studied in a random sample of 4238 preschool children in the rural health zone of Bwamanda in northern Ubangi, Zaire. 45-48% of the subjects displayed signs of morbidity such as oedema, marasmus, cough, fever, diarrhea, and tachypnoea. Being particularly vulnerable, children aged 3-6 months exhibited the highest prevalences of all morbid patterns except for isolated fever. Further, while isolated cough was more prevalent in the dry season and probably attributable to nightly indoor woodburning, all other morbid patterns were significantly more prevalent in the rainy season. Diarrhea with cough constituted half of all diarrhea cases. The authors continue by concluding that children at increased risk of death may be readily identified by posing a few simple questions on major symptoms and a brief examination by paramedical health workers. The method could be employed at under-5 clinics. Prognosis, however, is particularly bad in severe malnutrition, especially when associated with diarrhea, in diarrhea with cough, cough with fever/tachypnoea, and for children who are found sick both in the rainy and the subsequent dry season.
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PMID:Child morbidity patterns in two tropical seasons and associated mortality rates. 814 93

Neurogenic dysphagia results from sensorimotor impairment of the oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing due to a neurologic disorder. The symptoms of neurogenic dysphagia include drooling, difficulty initiating swallowing, nasal regurgitation, difficulty managing secretions, choke/cough episodes while feeding, and food sticking in the throat. If unrecognized and untreated, neurogenic dysphagia can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, and respiratory complications. The symptoms of neurogenic dysphagia may be relatively inapparent on account of both compensation for swallowing impairment and diminution of the laryngeal cough reflex due to a variety of factors. Patients with symptoms of oropharyngeal dysphagia should undergo videofluoroscopy of swallowing, which in the case of neurogenic dysphagia typically reveals impairment of oropharyngeal motor performance and/or laryngeal protection. The many causes of neurogenic dysphagia include stroke, head trauma, Parkinson's disease, motor neuron disease and myopathy. Evaluation of the cause of unexplained neurogenic dysphagia should include consultation by a neurologist, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, blood tests (routine studies plus muscle enzymes, thyroid screening, vitamin B12 and anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies), electromyography/nerve conduction studies, and, in certain cases, muscle biopsy or cerebrospinal fluid examination. Treatment of neurogenic dysphagia involves treatment of the underlying neurologic disorder (if possible), swallowing therapy (if oral feeding is reasonably safe to attempt) and gastrostomy (if oral feeding is unsafe or inadequate).
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PMID:Dysphagia associated with neurological disorders. 820 77

The consumption of medicines among a population-based cohort of 4,746 children born in 1982 in Pelotas, Brazil, was studied when the children were aged 3-4.5 years. Fifty six percent of the mothers reported that their children had taken one or more medicines during a two-week period; 29.5% of the products were fixed combinations of three or more components, (which was taken as an indicator of poor quality). Almost 10% of the children had used a given medicine for one month or more. Aspirin, combinations of vitamins and mineral supplements and cough and cold combinations were the medicines most frequently used. The commonest reasons for taking medicines were colds, fevers and lack of appetite. The latter was the commonest reason for long-term use and also for that of combinations. Physician's prescriptions were responsible for more than 60% of the medicines used (including dipyrone and appetite stimulants). In all social classes the consumption was above 50%. Children classified in the fifth quintile of family income consumed 14% more medicines than the those in the first quintile. Children with two or more older siblings consumed 12% less medicines than the elder ones. Malnourished children, according to weight for age, consumed 30% more medicines than the well-nourished. Children consulting a doctor four times or more during the three-month period before the interview were using two times more medicines than children who had had no consultation during the same period. The frequent use of aspirin is a reason for concern as it has been associated with Reye's syndrome in children. It is also important to stress the danger of poisoning resulting from medicines available at home. Another noteworthy aspect concerns the messages transmitted to the children regarding the use of medicines for almost every conceivable reason which could possibly lead to medicine or illicit drug addiction.
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PMID:[Epidemiology of drug consumption in children of a urban center of the southern region of Brazil]. 827 86


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