Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

PCR, using primers Plp1 and Plp2, was evaluated for the detection of DNA from Bordetella pertussis in bacterial strains and in nasopharyngeal samples from patients with a cough lasting at least 7 days. The assay could detect DNA from 6 CFU of B. pertussis/10 microl of sample. Results of the PCR assay were compared with those of cultures, a determination of serum antibodies against pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin, and a clinical evaluation of 2,442 coughing episodes. The overall sensitivity of PCR was 65% (623 of 956), which was higher than the sensitivity of cultures (58%) (P < 0.001). Factors influencing the sensitivity of PCR were the interval between the onset of symptoms and sampling and the vaccination status of the patient. The specificity of PCR was 98% (1,451 of 1,486). The positive and negative predictive values were 95 and 81%, respectively. Parapertussis PCR, using primers BPPA and BPPZ, was positive in 11 of 18 culture-positive cases and was confirmed by serology in another 4 cases. In conclusion, PCR is a valuable complement to cultures and can probably replace cultures for diagnosis of B. pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infections.
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PMID:Evaluation of PCR for diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis infections. 950 95

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is widely employed for the serological diagnosis of pertussis. It is generally concluded that a significant increase in specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgA against the pertussis toxin (PT) or against filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) in paired sera correlates with Bordetella pertussis infection. However, this type of diagnosis of pertussis has mainly been applied to unvaccinated children, with timely sampling of acute- and convalescent-phase sera. In current practice and in epidemiological studies, such criteria are not always fulfilled. The aim of this study was to analyze the significance of decreases in IgG antibody titers against PT and FHA between paired sera observed in suspected cases of pertussis infection. Serological results from paired sera were available for 460 children experiencing at least 8 days of cough. An anti-PT IgG decrease was observed in 25% of the children, more frequently than the anti-FHA IgG decrease. Fourteen percent of the serologic decreases were observed in children with culture-confirmed infection, and 59% of the decreases were observed in children with confirmation criteria according to World Health Organization recommendations. Most of the decreases were observed when serum samples were collected according to a standard recommended schedule. Serologic decreases were observed more frequently among vaccinated children than among unvaccinated children. This difference, which was highly significant (P < 0.00001), was explained by the different kinetics of the antibody responses between vaccinated and unvaccinated children. The importance of the antibody response for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, namely a bias toward higher absolute vaccine efficacy when this response is not taken into account, is discussed. This study supports an earlier recommendation that a significant decrease in PT or FHA should be added to the diagnostic criteria for pertussis.
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PMID:Evaluation of an immunoglobulin G enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in diagnosis of pertussis in Senegal. 952 Nov 33

Sprague Dawley rats, previously infected with Phase-I Bordetella pertussis, developed more severe abnormal respiratory sounds than normal animals, but not coughing, when exposed to aerosolized capsaicin, one of several cough-inducing agents tested. Stethoscope examination suggested that greater production of pulmonary mucus might be occurring after capsaicin challenge of the infected animals, compared to the uninfected controls. Rats of three other strains gave characteristically different responses from the Sprague Dawleys. The administration of capsaicin to B. pertussis-infected rats may provide useful insights into the pathophysiology of excess mucus secretion in human pertussis.
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PMID:Induction of abnormal respiratory sounds by capsaicin in rats previously infected with Bordetella pertussis. 954 81

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of the respiratory disease pertussis or whopoping cough. Btr, an oxygen-responsive transcriptional regulator of B. pertussis, is homologous to the FNR protein of E. coli. Using a murine respiratory model, we observed in the present study that Btr is important in growth and survival of B. pertussis in vivo. A titration assay was developed that identified genes containing Btr binding sites including B. pertussis sodB and btr, E. coli aspA and a new B. pertussis gene, brg1. The brg1 gene encodes a protein similar to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators and its expression is activated threefold by Btr under anaerobic growth conditions but unaffected by Btr aerobically. The nucleotide sequence flanking brg1 encodes proteins with similarity to various metabolic enzymes. Putative overlapping promoters and a Btr binding site (FNR box) were identified in the DNA sequence between brg1 and the adjacent genes. These intervening sequences may represent sites for regulation by Btr and Brg1.
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PMID:Identification of Btr-regulated genes using a titration assay. Search for a role for this transcriptional regulator in the growth and virulence of Bordetella pertussis. 958 50

Two acellular pertussis vaccines (SmithKline Beecham 3-component and Connaught 5-component), and a whole-cell pertussis vaccine (Evans), were similarly protective against paroxysmal coughing and leukocytosis in a coughing-rat model of pertussis. A two-dose immunization schedule was followed by sublethal intrabronchial challenge with Bordetella pertussis strain 18-323, encased in fine agarose beads, and the coughing monitored by sound-activated tape recorders. Pertussis toxoid by itself gave some protection against coughing, but lower than that afforded by the vaccines, despite inducing a higher serum anti-PT titre. The other component antigens, given individually, failed to protect against coughing although inducing antibodies. Immunization with the whole-cell and acellular vaccines and with their component antigens, as well as challenge with B. pertussis, caused significant elevation of total serum IgE antibodies. Antigen-specific IgG and IgA were detected in tracheobronchial washings from rats recovering from B. pertussis challenge, but vaccination prior to challenge had little influence on these antibody levels. The coughing-rat model of pertussis may be useful for the comparative testing of different formulations of pertussis vaccines before trials in human infants.
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PMID:Responses to acellular pertussis vaccines and component antigens in a coughing-rat model of pertussis. 971 34

A prospective study was conducted over a 3-month winter period in three general practice clinics in an urban population in southern Israel to identify the etiological agents of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in adults. RTI was defined as an acute febrile illness with cough, coryza, sore throat or hoarseness. Serum samples were taken from all patients in both the acute and convalescent phases of their illness. Tests were conducted for detection of 17 microorganisms known to cause RTI, including serological tests for 16 known pathogens. An etiological diagnosis was established in 80 (66%) of the 122 patients who participated in the study. The distribution of the etiological agents was as follows: influenza B virus in 27 (22%) patients. Chlamydia pneumoniae in 22 (18%), Legionella spp. in 15 (12%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 13 (11%), influenza A virus in 11 (9%), Bordetella pertussis in 9 (7%), adenovirus in 4, Epstein Barr virus in 4, Haemophilus influenzae in 3, beta-hemolytic streptococci in 3, Streptococcus pneumoniae in 2, respiratory syncytial virus in 2, parainfluenza 1 virus in 2 and parainfluenza 2 virus in 1. No patients were found to be infected with Coxiella burnetii, Moraxella catarrhalis or parainfluenza 3 virus. More than one pathogen was identified in 27 (34%) patients in whom an etiological diagnosis was established. It is concluded that RTI is caused by a broad spectrum of etiological agents, a considerable number of patients having evidence of infection with more than one pathogen. The therapeutic significance of these findings should be elucidated in further studies.
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PMID:Etiology of respiratory tract infection in adults in a general practice setting. 986 80

Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged intrabronchially with Bordetella pertussis strain 18-323 embedded in fine agarose beads and the time-course of infection and other events was determined. There was a steady decline in the numbers of B. pertussis recovered from the rat lungs, with clearance of the infection in most animals by day 12. Leucocytosis, lung inflammation and an increase in total serum IgE in the rats as a result of the challenge were highest around day 10, which was coincident with the highest incidence of coughing in such animals. IgG and IgA antibodies to the B. pertussis antigens pertussis toxin and filamentous haemagglutinin were not detected until after this period. The coughing rat model of pertussis resembles the human disease in the relationship between the time course of infection and cough production.
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PMID:Time-course of infection and responses in a coughing rat model of pertussis. 992 Jan 31

A subanalysis of a recent cohort efficacy trial of a pertussis vaccine was performed to determine its efficacy against cough illnesses due to Bordetella parapertussis infections. Infants received four doses of either the Lederle/Takeda acellular pertussis component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine or the Lederle whole-cell component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis (DTP) vaccine at 3, 4.5, 6, and 15-18 months of age; controls received three doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) vaccine only. All subjects were prospectively followed for cough illnesses of > or = 7 days' duration; cases of B. parapertussis infection were confirmed by positive culture, household contact, or serology. Seventy-six cough illnesses due to B. parapertussis were identified; 24 occurred in 929 DTaP recipients, 37 in 937 DTP recipients, and 15 in 321 DT recipients, resulting in an efficacy of 50% for DTaP vaccine (95% CI [confidence interval], 5% to 74%) and 21% for DTP vaccine (95% CI, -45% to 56%). The data in the present analysis suggest that the Lederle/Takeda DTaP vaccine but not the Lederle whole-cell component DTP vaccine has efficacy against B. parapertussis infection.
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PMID:Evidence of efficacy of the Lederle/Takeda acellular pertussis component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine but not the Lederle whole-cell component diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine against Bordetella parapertussis infection. 1019 85

We isolated Bordetella holmesii, generally associated with septicemia in patients with underlying conditions, from nasopharyngeal specimens of otherwise healthy young persons with a cough. The proportion of B. holmesii-positive specimens submitted to the Massachusetts State Laboratory Institute increased from 1995 to 1998.
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PMID:Bordetella holmesii-like organisms isolated from Massachusetts patients with pertussis-like symptoms. 1034 Nov 83

A cross-sectional survey of a convenience-sample of 740 cats was undertaken to obtain an estimate of the prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica infection, and to identify risk factors that might predispose them to the infection. Data on individual cats and household variables, including disease status and animal contacts were obtained by questionnaire. B bronchiseptica was isolated from 82 (11 per cent) of the cats sampled. The prevalence of B bronchiseptica varied with the type of household sampled, being 19.5 per cent in rescue catteries, 9 per cent in breeding catteries, 13.5 per cent in research colonies, and 0 per cent in household pets. On the basis of a univariable analysis, 19 of 29 predictor variables were found to be significantly associated with the isolation of B bronchiseptica, including an association with cats in rescue catteries, and with cats from premises with larger numbers of animals. Separate analysis of the rescue cattery subpopulation showed a highly significant association on multivariable analysis with current respiratory disease, suggesting that different risk factors may operate in this type of environment. In the whole sample there was also strong association with cats from households containing a dog with recent respiratory tract disease. The clinical signs observed in the B bronchiseptica-positive cats included sneezing, ocular and nasal discharges and coughing, although only the association with sneezing was statistically significant. There was no significant association between the isolation of B bronchiseptica and the isolation of respiratory viruses, suggesting that in some circumstances B bronchiseptica may be able to cause disease independently.
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PMID:Prevalence and risk factors for feline Bordetella bronchiseptica infection. 1037 88


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