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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a large survey of the efficacy of pertussis vaccines made in 33 areas in the United Kingdom during the period 1 November 1966 to 31 October 1967 a total of 3,564 households were investigated. Nine hundred and seventy-seven strains of Bordetella pertussis and 6 strains of Bord. parapertussis were isolated from persons in 792 households.After contact in the home 56% of fully vaccinated children under 5 years of age developed a paroxysmal cough, and in more than two-thirds of these patients the diagnosis was confirmed bacteriologically. This suggests that pertussis vaccination was not very effective. A comparison with the attack rate in unvaccinated children also indicates a poor protection from vaccination.NONE OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS APPEARED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE POOR PROTECTION AFFORDED BY VACCINATION: vaccination in early infancy, a long interval since vaccination, and the absence of booster doses.Almost all the children in the survey had been given vaccines from a single manufacturer, and therefore a comparison of the efficacy of vaccines prepared by different manufacturers was inconclusive. All the vaccinated children in the survey had been vaccinated before or during 1967. The efficacy of current preparations will require to be assessed by continuing surveillance.
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PMID:Efficacy of whooping-cough vaccines used in the United Kingdom before 1968. A preliminary report to the Director of the Public Health Laboratory service by the Public Health Laboratory Service Whooping-Cough Committee and Working Party. 431 20

The efficacy of pertussis vaccines was investigated in 33 areas in the United Kingdom from November 1966 until April 1968 inclusive. Bordetella pertussis was isolated from 1,293 persons, but there were only six isolations of B. papapertussis. Among vaccinated contacts under 5 years in homes in which B. pertussis was isolated 52% developed paroxysmal cough. The corresponding attack rate among unvaccinated contacts was 69%. These findings suggest that much of the pertussis vaccine in use for five or six years before 1968 was not very effective. However, vaccine from one producer was more effective than vaccine from another. Of the cultures of B. pertussis identified 89% were serotype 1, 3 and only about 9% were serotype 1, 2, 3. Serotype 1, 2, 3 was isolated much more frequently from unvaccinated than from vaccinated children, but some cultures identified as type 1, 2, 3 were found on re-examination to contain colonies of type 1, 3. Virological investigations were made in some areas during the first year of the study. Of the wide variety of viruses identified adenovirus and parainfluenza virus were the most common groups. Virus isolation rates were similar in patients and symptomless contacts, but B. pertussis was isolated far more often from patients than from symptomless contacts. The evidence suggests that B. pertussis remained the major cause of whooping cough in the U.K.
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PMID:Efficacy of whooping-cough vaccines used in the United Kingdom before 1968. 434 78

ALTHOUGH WE HAVE FAILED TO PRODUCE EITHER PAROXYSMAL COUGH OR VOMITING IN RHESUS MONKEYS, CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS AND MARMOSETS, WE HAVE FOUND IN MARMOSETS SEVERAL FEATURES OF PERTUSSIS INFECTION SIMILAR TO THOSE SEEN IN CHILDREN WITH WHOOPING COUGH: catarrh, persistence of colonization of the naso-pharynx with Bordetella pertussis for 4-11 weeks, change of serotype during colonization and inability of type 1 organisms to establish themselves as the predominant serotype.As in children, we have found that intramuscular vaccine of type 1,2,3 was more effective than type 1,2 in preventing persistent infection with the currently prevalent serotypes 1,2,3 and 1,3. A mixed vaccine (1,2,3 and 1,3) seemed to produce agglutinin 3 in the serum more consistently than a pure type 1,2,3 vaccine. The duration of colonization, after naso-pharyngeal challenge, was greatly reduced in animals with agglutinin 3.Local immunity, resulting from previous infection, was even more effective than a good vaccine in preventing subsequent persistent colonization. Marmosets may be useful in studying the possible development of aerosol pertussis vaccine for human use.
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PMID:Experimental pertussis infection in the marmoset: type specificity of active immunity. 436 10

The effect of Bordetella bronchiseptica upper airway colonization on the clinical, radiographic, serologic, pathologic, and pulmonary function changes caused by canine parainfluenza-2 virus (CPIV-2) infection was studied in 24 purebred Beagle pups (10.5 +/- 1.4 weeks old). Eight control dogs (group I) were not colonized or inoculated with CPIV-2. Of the 12 noncolonized dogs inoculated with CPIV-2 (group II), 9 developed antibody titers to CPIV-2 and 10 had clinical signs of infectious canine tracheobronchitis (kennel cough). Group I and group II dogs did not differ in radiographic findings or pulmonary function. Four group II dogs necropsied 1 to 5 days after clinical signs developed had laryngotracheobronchitis and bronchiolar inflammation not present at necropsy on 2 group I dogs. Four dogs had B bronchiseptica upper airway colonization and were inoculated with CPIV-2 (group III). All 4 group III dogs developed positive antibody titers, had clinical signs of kennel cough, and had radiographic changes. Pulmonary dynamic compliance was lower in group III than in group I or group II animals. Respiratory rate and tidal volume did not differ among the 3 groups. The 1 group III dog that was necropsied had changes similar to group II dogs with the addition of lobar bronchopneumonia. The present study indicates that asymptomatic B bronchiseptica colonization may effect the clinical, radiographic, and pulmonary function changes produced by CPIV-2 respiratory tract infections.
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PMID:Role of canine parainfluenza virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica in kennel cough. 609 51

Nasopharyngeal secretions from 223 patients were examined for the presence of Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis by culturing on Regan-Lowe agar (J. Regan and F. Lowe, J. Clin. Microbiol. 6:303-309, 1977) and by direct fluorescent-antibody testing. B. pertussis was found in 38 patients; B. parapertussis was recovered from 2. Culturing was more sensitive (38 of 38 patients) than direct fluorescent-antibody testing (26 of 38 patients) for the detection of B. pertussis. Overgrowth by other organisms (7 of 223 patients) was uncommon. The patients with B. pertussis infections were generally less than 1 year old, had received no or one immunization, and had coughing spells but infrequently had whooping cough. Accurate diagnosis of B. pertussis infections should include culturing.
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PMID:Importance of culture in laboratory diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis infections. 609 97

A study was undertaken in general practice to clarify those factors, especially vaccinations, that influence the clinical picture and infectivity of whooping cough in the community. Although the range of the disease encountered was fairly mild, its duration was notable (mean +/- SD 50.9 +/- 32.1 days). By using multiway contingency table analysis it was found that in the more severe cases of whooping cough vaccination significantly shortened the illness (p less than 0.005) and reduced the number of coughing spasms (p less than 0.025). The protective effect of the vaccine was most notable in modifying infectivity within the family: 19% of vaccinated family contacts of index patients in whom the disease had been confirmed bacteriologically developed the disease when exposed to it compared with 72% of non-vaccinated contacts (p less than 0.001). These results show that whooping cough vaccination modifies the clinical illness and offers a worthwhile degree of protection to children exposed to the disease.
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PMID:Effect of vaccination on severity and dissemination of whooping cough. 626 2

Bordetella pertussis microorganisms were treated with several extracting agents followed by ultracentrifugation to remove particulate matter. Analysis of the resulting supernatants by SDS gel electrophoresis showed one major component after simple salt extraction, and much more complex, although consistent pattern following detergent treatment. The yield of the solubilized protein in detergent extracts exceeded by far the values recorded for salt extracts. In order to prevent irreversible precipitation of the solubilized proteins upon removal of the denaturing agent, a novel procedure was developed. After extraction with urea-salt, the solubilized material was absorbed on a mineral carrier prior to the separation of the denaturing agent. The resulting absorbed vaccine was highly potent in the mouse-protection test, whereas the toxic reactions, elicited upon injection into experimental animals, were reduced in the comparison to the starting material. This diminished reactogenic potential was accompanied by the partial loss of the leukocytosis-promiting factor, whose activity was greatly diminished by urea-salt at alkaline pH-values. The procedure described may be applied to large-scale processing of Bordetella persussis microorganisms. Clinical trials now in progress should confirm or rebut the thesis that increased tolerability of the product, inferred from animal experiments, is reflected by fewer adverse reactions in humans. In the former case, the detergent extract vaccine may constitute a realistic alternative to conventional whole-cell vaccines against whooping-cough.
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PMID:Extracted protective antigen of Bordetella pertussis. I. Preparation and properties of the solubilized surface of components. 626 98

The immunogenicity and safety of 3 serials of a canine parainfluenza (CPI) virus-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated. Each serial was used to vaccinate 10 dogs with single doses given intranasally. The 30 vaccinated and 10 nonvaccinated controls dogs were challenge exposed with aerosols of virulent CPI virus and B bronchiseptica at 18 days and at 21 days, respectively, after vaccination. After challenge exposure, none of the 30 vaccinated dogs had clinical signs of disease; however, 9 of the 10 nonvaccinated dogs developed coughing problems. The CPI virus was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from nonvaccinated dogs on an average of 5.1 days after challenge exposure, but was not isolated from any of the specimens obtained from the vaccinated dogs. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs up to 18 days after challenge exposure. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates and total leukocyte counts for control dogs were generally increased, in contrast to those for the vaccinated groups. Dogs showed a primary serologic response to CPI virus and B bronchiseptica after vaccination and an anamnestic response to the bacterium after challenge exposure. Adverse local or systemic reactions attributable to the bivalent vaccine were not observed in the vaccinated dogs.
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PMID:Canine parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine immunogenicity. 626 89

Two field trials were conducted during periods of endemic (summer) and epizootic (winter) canine infectious tracheobronchitis activity to evaluate the efficacy of three intranasal vaccines in a closed commercial beagle breeding kennel. A trivalent vaccine containing Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine parainfluenza, and canine adenovirus-2 was administered at 3 weeks of age. The vaccine was 71.2% and 81.8% effective in decreasing the incidence of coughing during the winter and summer trials, respectively. The number of deaths was lower in each of the vaccine groups than in the placebo groups. No adverse reactions were observed with any of the intranasal vaccines.
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PMID:Intranasal vaccine trial for canine infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough). 627 48

A modified-live intranasal (IN) canine parainfluenza (CPI)-virus Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine was evaluated in dogs for efficacy against laboratory-induced canine infectious tracheobronchitis. The comparative efficacies of IN and parenteral administrations of the CPI virus fraction were also evaluated. The frequency and duration of clinical tracheobronchitis, blood serum agglutination titer, humoral antibody response, and duration of CPI virus and B bronchiseptica shedding were measured. Group A dogs were vaccinated subcutaneously or IM with an experimental CPI vaccine and challenge exposed with CPI virus. Group B dogs were vaccinated IN with avirulent CPI virus-B bronchiseptica live antigens and challenge exposed with virulent CPI virus and virulent B bronchiseptica. The IN vaccination (group B) significantly reduced (P less than or equal to 0.001) the occurrence of clinical tracheobronchitis by 96%. The combined challenge exposure of virulent CPI and virulent B bronchiseptica produced a synergistic enhancement of the clinical signs of kennel cough. The percentage of days after challenge exposure that virus shedding was detected for controls equaled 70% as compared with 50% and only 1% for parenterally and IN vaccinated dogs, respectively. Isolation of virulent B bronchiseptica microorganisms was reduced 89% in dogs vaccinated IN compared to controls. The geometric mean humoral antibody titers to CPI virus after 2 parenteral vaccinations and 1 IN vaccination were 1:43 and 1:34, respectively.
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PMID:Canine infectious tracheobronchitis: effects of an intranasal live canine parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine on viral shedding and clinical tracheobronchitis (kennel cough). 627 47


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