Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighty two infants, aged 2-12 months, were prospectively studied for infectious episodes following diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization. The occurrence of infectious episodes during the month following vaccination was compared to that during the month prior to its administration. The 3 days following vaccination were not included. In comparison to the month prior to immunization, during the month following there were significantly more infants with fever (6.1% vs. 24.4%, p less than 0.001), with diarrhea (7.3% vs. 23.1%, p less than 0.005), and with cough (37.7% vs. 52.4% p N.S.). After the first month of the study, there was an increase in morbidity in the region, so we reevaluated those cases who had been seen during the latter 3 months. The same trend was found: in the month following immunization there were significantly more infants with fever (5.3% vs. 25%, p less than 0.005), with diarrhea (10.5% vs. 28%, p less than 0.02), and with cough (26% vs. 54%, p less than 0.01). There was no correlation between the incidence of these episodes and the age at vaccination. In addition to reactive fever during the first 3 days following DPT immunization, an increase in infectious episodes seems to occur in infants during the month following administration of this vaccine.
 ...
PMID:Infectious episodes following diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination. A preliminary observation in infants. 326 80

One hundred and seventy-eight mothers who had recently been delivered were interviewed before discharge from hospital to ascertain their initial intentions about vaccination of their children. Nine months later the behaviour of 154 mothers was checked from health service records; 24 were lost to follow-up.One hundred and forty-one (92 per cent) of the infants had received at least one dose of vaccine against polio, diphtheria and tetanus. Eighty-five infants (63 per cent of 135) had received at least one dose of vaccine against whooping-cough; 19 mothers had been advised against the vaccine. Failure to have their children vaccinated against whooping-cough correlated with the mothers' initial intentions, although a high proportion of mothers who were initially against the vaccine had started vaccination by the time their child was nine months old. Mothers attending general practitioners were more likely to have their infants vaccinated against whooping-cough than those attending community health clinics, and this difference was not explained by the social characteristics of the mothers nor by more positive early intentions among the mothers who attended general practitioners.
 ...
PMID:Mothers' intentions and the immunization of their infants. 688 91

Between 1975 and 1983 health care expenditures in Ghana dropped to a low point as a consequence of the structural readjustment program instituted by the World Bank. During 1975-76 only 15% of available funds were spent on primary health care (PHC), which was officially introduced in the late 1970s. PHC made up 20-25% of the health care expenditures by 1991 with about 25% of health personnel engaged in PHC. 2/3 of health care delivery covered urban areas when 60% of the population lived in the countryside. The district of Ejisu-Juaben in the Ashanti region had high morbidity. Tetanus, polio, whooping-cough, and diphtheria had been brought under control, but measles, diarrhea, and malnutrition were still widespread among children under 5 years old. Malaria, bilharzia, intestinal parasites, respiratory infections, hepatitis, anemia, hypertension, and vitamin A deficiency were also grave problems. AIDS was on the rise. Child mortality amounted to 130/1000 live births and maternal mortality to 1400/100,000 cases. The medical structure of the district comprises 10 health posts (6 governmental and 4 mission). Only 72 villages and 120,000 people are cared for. Each post has a mobile team. In 1993 a new community-based health care program began funded by Save the Children Netherlands. In 60 villages a village health committee existed but they were substandard. They were either reactivated or new committees were set up. Training activities were also started in prenatal care, delivery, care of malnutrition and diarrhea, hygiene, and sanitation. Two years later safe motherhood indicators had improved; postnatal care increased from 16% to 49%; medical deliveries increased from 27% to 37%; the share of families with contraceptive acceptance increased from 7% to 21%; and tetanus vaccination among mothers was estimated to have increased from 27% to 86%.
 ...
PMID:[Primary health care in Ghana: no pay no cure?]. 750 Oct 68

A pertussis outbreak was studied prospectively in an elementary school with 39 pupils. All had been immunized with at least three doses of Finnish diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis vaccine. Diagnosis of pertussis was based on culture, polymerase chain reaction results, and EIA serology using filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertussis toxin, and 69-kDa outer membrane protein as antigens. At the first sampling, 21 children had symptoms suggestive of pertussis, and 18 were healthy. Of the latter, 8 remained healthy without any antibiotic treatment and 9 developed clinical pertussis 1-22 days later. One child developed cough later, but this symptom did not meet criteria for pertussis. The mean levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies to FHA were significantly higher in 8 healthy children than in 9 children who developed pertussis after the first sampling (P < .001, P = .027, and P = .011, respectively). The results show that antibodies to FHA of Bordetella pertussis in immunized schoolchildren correlate with protection against pertussis.
 ...
PMID:Antibodies to filamentous hemagglutinin of Bordetella pertussis and protection against whooping cough in schoolchildren. 807 34

Seven previously untreated five-month-old New Forest ponies received two doses of equine influenza immunostimulating complex vaccines, one with and one without an immunopurified tetanus toxoid component, given by deep intramuscular injection six weeks apart, followed by a booster dose without tetanus toxoid five months later. Fifteen months after the third dose of vaccine, the ponies were challenged by exposure to an aerosol of influenza A/Equine 2/Sussex/89 (H3N8), a virus isolated from a recent outbreak of influenza A/equine 2 in Britain. The challenge produced severe clinical signs of influenza (pyrexia and coughing) in five unvaccinated control ponies. Four of the vaccinated ponies were completely protected against clinical disease, and two of these were also protected against infection as demonstrated by their lack of an antibody response after challenge. No coughing was recorded among the vaccinated ponies, and only three of the seven vaccinated ponies experienced a transient mild pyrexia. The mean duration and severity of the pyrexia among the vaccinated ponies was significantly less (P < 0.01) than among the controls, and the excretion of virus was almost eliminated, thus demonstrating the protective efficacy of the vaccines 15 months after vaccination. Monitoring of tetanus antitoxin antibodies showed that protective levels (> or = 0.01/iu/ml) were maintained for at least 20 months after vaccination.
 ...
PMID:Duration of protective efficacy of equine influenza immunostimulating complex/tetanus vaccines. 816 Mar 28

We compared the immunogenicity of the four available Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines in Alaska Native infants. Three of the vaccines, Hib oligosaccharide-CRM197 (HbOC), polyribosylribitol phosphate-diphtheria toxoid (PRP-D) and polyribosylribitol phosphate-tetanus toxoid (PRP-T), were given at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, and the PRP Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein (PRP-OMP) conjugate vaccine was given at 2 and 4 months of age. Enrollment was largely sequential by vaccine availability beginning with HbOC and ending with PRP-T. A total of 225 infants completed the full vaccination series. Groups of infants receiving the different vaccines did not differ significantly by sex, ethnicity, degree Alaska Native or age at vaccination. The only vaccine that induced a response with the first 2-month dose was PRP-OMP; 91% of infants had > or = 0.15 micrograms/ml and 57% had > or = 1.0 microgram/ml of anti-PRP antibody by 4 months of age. After two doses it also remained the most immunogenic. After the full three vaccine series, trials that requires cough of 21 days is excessively restrictive.
 ...
PMID:Comparative immunogenicity of four Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in Alaska Native infants. 834 81

At immunization contact, 165 infants 2.5 mo old were randomly assigned to receive either 15 mg vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) or placebo. Three doses were given at monthly intervals with each diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and oral polio (DPT/OPV) immunization dose. The diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) morbidity was similar in the vitamin A and placebo groups. However, the duration (days per child-year, mean +/- SD) of ARI was less in the vitamin A group compared with placebo group (27.6 +/- 17.1 vs. 40.8 +/- 22.7; P = 0.005). Fasting retinol concentrations were measured at entry and in 61 infants, the relative dose response (RDR) test was done 1 mo after the third dose of vitamin A. Eighty-five percent of the infants had serum retinol concentration < 0.70 mol/L at entry. After 3 mo the serum retinol levels improved significantly in both groups, and in the vitamin A-supplemented group the serum retinol concentration was significantly better than that in the placebo group (P= 0.02). However, 61% of the infants remained deficient despite vitamin A supplementation. Among vitamin A-supplemented infants only, diarrhea and ARI morbidity during the 3-mo period were compared in children with normal versus children with abnormal RDR at the end of the supplementation period. The ARI episodes were more frequent in the supplemented infants who remained vitamin A deficient at the end of the 3 mo (P = 0.027). Also, the cumulative duration (days, mean +/- SD) of fever and cough was 5.0 +/- 2.8 in the normal versus 11.2 +/- 6.0 in the deficient group (P = 0.04). The results of this study suggest that a large proportion of infants remain vitamin A deficient even after large dose vitamin A supplementation because of frequent respiratory infections, particularly those accompanied by fever.
 ...
PMID:Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A. 859 47

Because young infants are at highest risk for severe pertussis and death and are also too young to have received the minimal protective series of three doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine, we conducted a matched case-control study to assess risk factors for pertussis among young infants during a pertussis outbreak in Chicago in 1993. We enrolled 39 cases < 7 months of age from a single teaching hospital and 96 controls, individually matched for age, from the well-child clinic at the same hospital. Demographic characteristics, immunization status, and opportunities for disease exposure were analyzed by means of conditional logistic regression. Cases and controls were similarly up to date with their DTP vaccinations (87% and 89%, respectively). Infants of adolescent mothers (matched odds ratio [OR], 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-41.4) and infants of mothers who suffered > or = 7 days of cough during the child's incubation period (matched OR, 12.0; 95% CI, 1.4 to infinity) were significantly more likely to have pertussis. Young mothers and mothers with a cough lasting > or = 7 days may be an important source of pertussis infection for their young infants.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for pertussis in young infants during an outbreak in Chicago in 1993. 885 70

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy trial of a monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine, 3450 infants were randomly assigned to vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus toxoids with or without pertussis toxoid at 3, 5, and 12 months of age. Study children and family members were investigated for possible pertussis with cultures, serology, and polymerase chain reaction. Efficacy was 71% after 3 dose when the World Health Organization case definition of pertussis (which includes paroxysmal cough for 21 days or longer) was used. We report the efficacy in the subgroup of children who were exposed to pertussis in the household. Among study children exposed to pertussis in the household from the day of the third vaccination, 20 of 99 (20%) recipients of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis toxoids vaccine and 64 of 79 (81%) recipients of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids vaccine had pertussis fulfilling criteria of the World Health Organization. The vaccine efficacy was 75% (95% confidence intervals 64% to 84%). In children who had received only two doses at the time of household exposure, vaccine efficacy was 66% (95% confidence intervals 15% to 90%) based on 4 cases among 32 household-exposed recipients of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis toxoids vaccine and 13 cases among 35 household-exposed recipients of diphtheria-tetanus toxoids vaccine. In conclusion, the pertussis toxoid vaccine provides protection against pertussis both after household and community exposure.
 ...
PMID:Efficacy of a monocomponent pertussis toxoid vaccine after household exposure to pertussis. 910 40

Diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines have been licensed in the United States since 1991. Compared with the whole cell pertussis component diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccines were found in reactogenicity and immunogenicity studies to be immunogenic with respect to their specific antigen content and to be associated with less severe and less frequent adverse reactions. A case definition of pertussis was developed by the World Health Organization for use in vaccine efficacy trials, but this definition eliminates some laboratory-confirmed cases from efficacy calculations. Because these cases are more common in vaccinees than in controls, vaccine efficacy appears better than it truly is whereas less effective vaccines seem comparable with their more effective counterparts. In addition observer bias may contribute to the appearance of enhanced efficacy of the less effective vaccines, which tend to prevent typical but not mild disease. When analyzing efficacy based on prevention of laboratory-confirmed pertussis with cough > or = 7 days, single component pertussis toxin (PT) toxoid vaccines were found to be less effective than two-component PT toxoid/filamentous hemagglutinin vaccines, and three- or four-component vaccines containing pertactin in addition to PT toxoid and filamentous hemagglutinin were more effective than either the single-component or two-component vaccines.
 ...
PMID:Comparative efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccines: an analysis of recent trials. 930 94


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>