Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The addition of encapsulated enzymes (proteases and lipases) to detergents in Morocco dates from 1993. We have carried out a retrospective survey which has enabled us to evaluate the prevalence of the clinical symptoms and respiratory function problems in two groups, one exposed and the other non-exposed. This enquiry which concerns 32 exposed workers and 42 non-exposed consisted of a questionnaire (CECA OMS), a chest x-ray and some respiratory function tests. The medical study involves a question in the workplace with an evaluation of dust levels (weight of dust and enzyme activity). Fifty seven per cent of those exposed had clinical respiratory symptomatology against only 7 per cent of those who were not exposed. Rhinitis, asthma, cough, chronic bronchitis, eczema and conjunctivitis were significantly more frequent in those exposed than in the non-exposed. Respiratory function was altered in 65.5 per cent of the exposed against only 38.6 per cent of those who were not exposed. The overall lung function was of an obstructive type. The peak flow (VEMS) were more frequently reduced in those exposed (25 per cent) than in the non-exposed (7.14 per cent). These anomalies were worst at the end of a day's work. Atopy seems to be a potentiating factor. Tobacco interferes significantly in the alteration of respiratory function parameters. The enquiry in the work place revealed evidence of insufficient means of protection for the work force and elevated levels of dust which pass the mean recommended atmospheric values (500 mcg per cubic mm). On the other hand, enzymatic activity of the dust collected remained within normal limits (< 0.5 GU/m3). It is thus imperative to develop means for collective prevention (a more effective encapsulation of the enzymes, work in closed areas, ventilation with more effective dust extraction) and individuals (protective clothing and specific respiratory masks for the enzymes) to maximally reduce the risk.
 ...
PMID:[Occupational respiratory risks in workers exposed to enzymes in detergents]. 899 75

One hundred and twenty five children (median age 8.71 years) suffering from perennial allergic rhinitis were treated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel group study comparing azelastine nasal spray 0.14 mg/nostril twice daily (0.56 mg/day) and placebo nasal spray. Medication was given for a period of 6 weeks which followed a 2 week placebo washout period in all patients. Subjects were aged between 5 and 12 and were skin prick positive to either house dust mites and/or cat or dog dander. Concomitant anti allergic treatment was not permitted during the study. Severity of rhinitis symptoms was scored daily by the child or his/her parents on a diary card using a visual analogue scale (VAS) for each evaluated symptom: 0, absent-100, could not be worse. Mean weekly scores were calculated. Symptoms evaluated were: sneezing, nasal blockage, nasal itch and rhinorrhea. In addition, at each clinic visit the investigator evaluated symptoms using a verbal score of 0, no symptom-3, severe. Compared to the baseline, for each of the six study weeks, the reduction in the VAS scores for all four symptoms was statistically greater for the azelastine group compared to the placebo group. The investigator's assessment at clinic visits bore out these results. Both azelastine nasal spray and placebo were well tolerated, no serious adverse events were reported. During the treatment phase of the study a total of 36 adverse events were reported by 25 patients (azelastine 10, placebo 15). The most frequently occurring events were pharyngitis (azelastine 5, placebo 3), cough (azelastine 3, placebo 1) and bronchitis (azelastine 1, placebo 3). In conclusion, azelastine has been shown to be effective in the treatment of perennial rhinitis in children aged 5-12 years and to be superior to placebo in the relief of all symptoms assessed, namely sneezing, nasal blockage, nasal itch and rhinorrhea.
 ...
PMID:A randomized double-blind placebo controlled study of azelastine nasal spray in children with perennial rhinitis. 905 34

The medical-environmental questionnaire, physical examination and pre-shift and post-shift spirometry have been performed in 48 furniture factory workers. The workers showed the work-related symptoms: cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, headache, general malaise, skin symptoms, eye symptoms, rhinitis. No relationship was found between the spirometry values and the frequency of the symptoms. The exposed workers showed a significant post-shift reduction of the FVC, FEV1, FEV1%VC and PEF (p < 0.001). The higher drops of the spirometric parameters occurred in younger workers. The presented data show that processing of wood may be associated with the work-related respiratory symptoms and diseases in exposed workers.
 ...
PMID:[The effect of wood dust on the respiratory system. Medical examination of furniture factory workers]. 919 Feb 35

We tested the hypothesis that hyperresponsiveness of the upper airway (UAHR) is present in patients with chronic cough of diverse etiology. We determined the frequency of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), hyperresponsiveness of the upper airway, sputum eosinophilia, pulmonary aspiration, and psychological symptoms in adults with chronic cough. Consecutive adults (n = 30) presenting to a tertiary referral clinic with chronic cough were compared with a group of 20 asymptomatic adults. Measurements included histamine provocation testing with measurement of flow volume curves to determine inspiratory and expiratory airflow obstruction; hypertonic saline induced sputum for analysis of eosinophils, mast cells and lipid-laden macrophages; and a validated psychological symptom questionnaire. Symptomatic rhinitis and gastroesophageal reflux were common causes of chronic cough. BHR occurred in seven patients (23%) and in no control subjects (p < 0.05). UAHR occurred in 40% of patients with cough and in four (20%) control subjects (p > 0.05). Eosinophils were present in the sputum of more patients with cough than control subjects (50% versus 19%; p < 0.05). High degrees of eosinophilia were present in six patients with cough, including three without BHR. No subject had significant lipid-laden macrophages. There was greater somatization in patients with chronic cough; ten subjects scored in the clinically significant range (p < 0.05). Abnormalities in one or more of these tests were 7.67-fold (95% CI 1.83-34.52) more likely to occur in cough patients than control subjects. We conclude that chronic cough is a nonspecific symptom that is associated with several apparently unrelated mechanisms. These include UAHR, somatization, BHR, and eosinophilic bronchitis. UAHR cannot be implicated as a single unifying mechanism. These findings emphasize the need to systematically evaluate several different causes of cough in patients who present with chronic cough.
 ...
PMID:A systematic evaluation of mechanisms in chronic cough. 923 Jul 50

The efficacy and safety of a nasal spray containing azelastine (CAS 58581-89-8; e.g. Afluon, Allergadil, Rhinolast) in the treatment of both perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis have been evaluated in two postmarketing drug surveillance programmes (PMS) conducted in Spain. The present analysis reports on the data from a subpopulation from these studies and includes 211 children aged less than 13 years of age. In 73% of children the administered dose of azelastine was one spray puff per nostril twice daily, corresponding to the recommended daily, dosage of 0.56 mg azelastine. Patients with seasonal rhinitis were treated for a period of two weeks, those perennial rhinitis were treated for four weeks. The efficacy of the azelastine was assessed by the changes in severity of the following 10 individual symptoms of rhinitis: sneezing, nose itching, nose congestion, rhinorrhoea, smell reduction, eye itching, lachrimation, photophobia, throat itching, and coughing. Symptoms were rated according to a four-point scale: 0 = absent, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe. Both the investigators and the patients were requested to evaluate efficacy and tolerance according to a four point scale: 1 = very good, 2 = good, 3 = moderate, 4 = bad. All of the 10 clinical symptoms underwent a statistically significant and clinically relevant reduction during the treatment period. Nose itching, sneezing, and rhinorrhoea were the symptoms which completely disappeared in the highest number of patients by the end of therapy. The mean sum of all 10 symptom scores pre-treatment (baseline visit) was 11.03 while at the completion of therapy (control visit) it was 3.21. Overall, a decrease of this score was seen in 112 (98%) patients for whom complete data was available, whereas an increase was registered only in 2 (2%) cases. The mean total of the five nasal scores at the baseline visit was 7.64, and at the control visit its value measured 2.31. One hundred and twenty-one (98%) patients exhibited a decrease in the total nasal score, and only 3 (2%) demonstrated an increase. The mean total of the three ocular symptoms scores at the baseline visit was 2.25, while at the control visit its value was only 0.48. A decrease in the total ocular score was observed in 78 (62%) patients, while an increase occurred in only one patient. Overall, 85% of doctors evaluated the efficacy of the drug as "very good/good". 90% of patients did not report adverse events (AEs) during treatment with azelastine and only four patients discontinued treatment due to AEs. General tolerance was evaluated as "very good or good" by 97% of the treating physicians. Local tolerance was rated as "very good or good" by 94%. The most positive characteristics of the therapy according to the physicians were: rapid onset of action in 56% of cases, good efficacy in 46%, simple application in 44%, no sedation in 34%, and long duration of action in 22% of cases. Based upon the excellent risk-benefit assessment of this PMS, our results confirm the suitability of azelastine nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in juvenile patients.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of the drug monitoring programme of azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children under 13 years of age. 927 42

The federal country of Carinthia is known for its lakes and ponds, which are extensively used for bathing. The water quality is monitored regularly in accordance to the EC-Directive 76/160/EC and especially to the more rigorous Austrian Standard M6230. Since redevelopment measures of the lakes have been nearly finished the water quality found has improved essentially. In spite of these monitored data no effective correlation to data from the concerning ambulant sector of medical care could be established. The Carinthian Sentinel Practice Network started in summer 1994 to retrieve informations about occurrence and frequency of bathing related illness of children up to 16 years old. The 26 participating primary health care and pediatric physicians, having their own independent practices spread all over the country, reported the specific doctor-patient-contracts to the coordinating base. Criteria for inclusion in the medical report were headache, sore throat, otalgia, stomach-ache, nausea, emesis, diarrhoea, fever, rhinitis, cough, cold, moreover conjunctivitis, skin rash and specific dermatitis. In addition physicians reported where, how long and how often the children had been bathing and how long they had been free of symptoms afterwards. Each case was reported to the coordinating base including a presumed diagnosis. Statistic evaluation showed that bathing related illness may be divided into three main groups according to symptom frequency. The frequency of otalgia (32.4%) was significantly higher than any other symptom asked for. Two groups of symptoms correlate with each other: on one hand rhinitis, conjunctivitis, cough and sore throat (36.5%) and on the other hand nausea, emesis, diarrhoea and fever (41.9%). These data underline conclusions drawn by other authors but are not representative enough to correlate to data from water monitoring. First results suggest that conclusions for public health authorities can be drawn from this additional information about the state of the lakes and ponds-providing a sufficient number of data is reported.
 ...
PMID:[Bathing water related diseases: the Carinthian Sentinel Project as the source of epidemiological data]. 937 46

Within the past three decades, there has been a rising trend for prevalences of asthma and allergic diseases worldwide, particularly from developed and industrializing countries. In Thailand, limited studies on epidemiology of atopic diseases have indicated relatively low prevalences of these conditions among the Thais. Recently, a standardized phase I questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) has been developed to study and to compare geographical and temporal trend for prevalences of asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema in children. The objectives of phase I ISAAC study in Thailand are to study prevalence of the three most common allergic diseases i.e. asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema among Thai children of the two age groups (i.e., 6-7 and 13-14 years) living in the Bangkok metropolitan area and to collect basic epidemiologic data of these diseases among these children. The Thai translated version of phase I ISAAC questionnaires was administered to Thai children of the two age groups as above. Questionnaires were answered by parents of younger children, whereas, they were self-administered by 13-14 years old children. In addition, the validated international video questionnaires were used with older children. Fourteen primary schools and 13 secondary schools were randomly selected to cover the entire Bangkok metropolitan area. A total of 7341 questionnaires were eligible for the analysis (3628 from the younger age group and 3713 from the older age group). Data were entered and analysed by the Epi-Info program. The cumulative and 12 month period prevalences of the three conditions for all children were as follows; wheezing, 18.3 per cent, 12.7 per cent; rhinitis, 44.2 per cent, 38.7 per cent; and eczema, 15.4 per cent, 14.0 per cent, respectively. The period prevalence of wheezing for older children (13.6%) was higher than for younger children (11.7%). Prevalences of severe wheeze and exercise wheeze were more common among older children (4.0% and 15.7%). Both age groups reported high percentages for night cough (23.6% and 28.6%). A significantly large number of children from both groups reported symptoms of rhinitis with the majority indicating that symptoms were severe enough to limit their daily activities. Nevertheless, when confined only to those with eye symptoms, the prevalence decreased to 13.1 per cent. Eczema, in contrast to the other two conditions, occurred more frequently among younger children than among older children (period prevalence of 16% vs 9.1%). The rash was of a relatively mild nature since 77 per cent of children reporting symptoms indicated that the rash had cleared within the past 12 months. Allergic conditions are very common among children residing in Bangkok. Compared to the last survey in 1990, the period prevalence of wheezing has increased 4 fold, allergic rhinitis has increased nearly 3 fold whereas, eczema has remained stable. A large number of children in Bangkok are suffering from rhinitis symptoms. Results of this phase I ISAAC study indicate that allergic diseases are perhaps the most common childhood diseases in Thailand and could lead to a substantial economical loss for the country. There is an urgent need for an in-depth study to define epidemiological factors responsible for this increase.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in children from the Bangkok area using the ISAAC (International Study for Asthma and Allergy in Children) questionnaires. 962 8

Sinusitis is both prevalent and costly, affecting more than 14% of the population and costing more than $3.5 billion. The signs and symptoms of sinusitis can be subtle: a night cough, chronic nasal congestion, postnasal drip, or recurring headaches. Diagnosis requires a comprehensive understanding of nasal physiology, anatomy, and allergic and immunologic abnormalities, and sinonasal microbiology. The most common events leading to sinusitis are colds, allergic and nonallergic rhinitis, and anatomic defects which interfere with the sinus outflow tracks. Treatment involves drainage of the congested sinuses and elimination of the pathogenic bacteria. Drainage can be accomplished medically by opening the sinus ostia through the use of decongestants and topical corticosteroids; bacteria are effectively eliminated by washing the sinuses with saline and through use of appropriate antibiotics. In patients with recurrent disease, it may be appropriate to continue nasal washing and topical corticosteroids for extended periods of time, or even permanently. With proper medical treatments, most patients do extremely well and do not require surgery. Surgery is aimed at facilitating sinus drainage by widening the outflow tracks and removing anatomic obstructions to adequate drainage. Although we now understand some of the dynamics of sinusitis, more research is needed to clarify our unanswered questions.
 ...
PMID:Medical management of sinusitis. 967 Oct 40

An increase in allergic diseases in Western societies has been observed in all epidemiological studies. Various risk factors have been invoked to explain this increase, but the results are still inconclusive. We examined the type of patients who visited a hospital pediatric allergology unit in terms of the type of pathology presented, environmental factors, and time from the onset of symptoms until referral for allergy study. We evaluated 200 children ranging in age from 1 month to 15 years who were distributed by pathology: 119 referrals for respiratory manifestations (asthma, rhinitis, coughing, ...), 46 for food-related pathology, and 35 for adverse reactions attributed to medications. Among the risk factors, 69% of the children had a family history, 63.5% were exposed to smoking, and all of the patients were from urban and urban-industrial areas. We found no relation between the type of pathology and birth month. The natural history of allergic disease showed the following sequence: food allergy--respiratory allergy--medication allergy. In every case there was an important delay in diagnosis. The patients who visited our department soonest were infants (for presumptive allergy to cow milk protein or suspected adverse reaction to medications). It is evident that in recent years we are seeing a major increase in allergic diseases, particularly in industrialized countries. From a clinical point of view, manifestations such as asthma, rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis are increasing, which all working groups attribute to an increase in the prevalence of allergy. Epidemiological studies of large population samples use non-standard methods, with different selection criteria, ethnic breakdown and geographic differences. This makes it difficult to compare available data. Therefore, we think that it would be advisable if epidemiological studies would attempt to follow a model, which would facilitate the comparison of studies. Our aim was to evaluate the type of patients who required allergy studies in relation to the pathologies that they present and the different diagnostic methods to determine the presence of false allergies or non-allergies, the delay until study, most frequent pathologies, and environment. We report the data obtained from a sample of 200 children who visited our department for the first time in the period of a natural year.
 ...
PMID:[Epidemiology and chronology of allergic diseases and their risk factors]. 967 89

This trial compared the efficacy and safety of a 10-day treatment course of cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children who failed therapy with amoxicillin. This was an investigator-blind, randomized, parallel treatment group study. To be included, patients must have received treatment with a standard clinical regimen of amoxicillin for at least 48 hours and not more than 10 days, with the last dose within 72 hours of randomization. Patients who met the entry criteria were randomly assigned to one of two antibiotic treatment groups. Cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil suspensions were administered twice daily for a total daily dose of 40 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Physical examination, pneumatic otoscopy and tympanogram were performed to evaluate efficacy to therapy. Therapeutic equivalence was established by ruling out a difference (cefaclor minus cefuroxime axetil) of 15% in percentages of clinical success (cure plus improvement). Safety evaluation was performed by assessment of clinical adverse events. In the intent-to-treat analysis post-therapy (1-6 days after completion of therapy), 96 of 104 (92.3%) cefaclor-treated patients had clinical success compared to 90 of 101 (89.1%) cefuroxime axetil patients. The 95% confidence limits on the difference between proportions of favorable outcomes (cefaclor minus cefuroxime axetil) was from -4.8% to +11.2%. At termination of the study (day 10-16 after completion of therapy), 86 of 104 (82.7%) cefaclor patients and 84 of 101 (83.2%) cefuroxime axetil patients had favorable clinical outcomes (95% confidence interval: -10.8% to +9.9%). Thirty-two (30.8%) of the 104 patients in the cefaclor treatment group reported at least one adverse event, with rhinitis reported in 9 (8.7%) patients and cough increased in 7 (6.7%) patients. Thirty-six (35.6%) of the 101 patients in the cefuroxime axetil treatment group reported at least one event, with diarrhea reported in 11 (10.9%) of patients and rhinitis in 10 (9.9%) patients. Cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil were equally effective in the treatment of patients with acute otitis media with effusion who had failed therapy with amoxicillin. Significantly fewer patients treated with cefaclor reported diarrhea, which is the most frequently reported adverse event in children treated with antibiotics for this disease.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of cefaclor and cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion in children who failed amoxicillin therapy. 972 Apr 70


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>