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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between July 1995 and July 1997 we diagnosed bronchiectasis confirmed by CT scan chest in 25 (18 men and 7 women) out of 295 hospitalised patients with HIV infection who suffered from lower respiratory infection. Median age at time of diagnosis of bronchiectasis was 32 years old. The patients were mostly intravenous drug addicts. In all cases a previous pulmonary infection was revealed (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, tuberculosis, recurrent pneumonia) with impairment of immune status (CD4 media = 64.8 mm3). Presence of persistent or intermittent cough with purulent sputum, repeated low respiratory infection and abnormal chest radiograph were correlated to bronchiectasis by chest CT scan. We conclude, that there is a significant occurrence of bronchiectasis in patients with HIV infections and pulmonary disease, thus increasing morbidity and mortality in these patients and being the cause of repeated hospitalisations due to bacterial respiratory infections.
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PMID:[Bronchiectasia in HIV-positive patients]. 1034 23

The validity of the Verbal Autopsy (VA) in death due to acute respiratory infection (ARI), was tested in 36 children who died by any acute infectious disease as stated by the necropsy diagnosis, at two public hospitals in Mexico City; the illness started at home. Clinical data obtained through VA were compared with diagnoses of necropsies, which were considered as "gold standard". The presence of dyspnoea for more than one day showed sensitivity of 0.69 and specificity of 0.74, while history of coughing showed a sensitivity of 0.61 and a specificity of 0.73. Combination of both clinical data improved specificity (0.83), but decreased sensitivity (0.54). Additional sources of diagnosis (a panel of assessors, the clinical record and the death certificate), also showed good sensitivity (0.69-0.77) and specificity (0.74-7.8). Focus on history of dyspnea and/or cough in children with an infectious syndrome should be emphasized, as a useful epidemiologic tool to determine children's mortality due to ARI in areas where diagnosis resources are constrained.
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PMID:Validation of the verbal autopsy method to ascertain acute respiratory infection as cause of death. 1077 8

Respiratory infections are common after solid organ transplantation, but the significance of community respiratory viral infections in this patient population has not been determined. Review of the literature indicates that infection of organ transplant recipients by community respiratory viruses can result in significant morbidity with some associated mortality. These viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), influenza virus, and adenovirus. As in normal hosts, infection of organ transplant recipients by these viruses can result in limited upper respiratory tract symptoms, such as rhinorrhea, cough, and fever. Immunocompromised patients can also have lower respiratory tract infection, resulting in bronchiolitis, pneumonitis, respiratory failure, and death. The highest incidence of infection with these viruses is reported in lung transplant recipients, with an incidence up to 21%. In addition to the effects of the usual immunosuppressant regimen, lung transplant recipients have altered lung immunity due to impaired ciliary clearance, poor cough reflex, and abnormal lymphatic drainage, predisposing these patients to lower respiratory tract infections. Of additional importance to organ transplant recipients is the correlation of organ rejection to recent viral infections with these agents. Influenza A and B, PIV, and adenovirus have been reported to be associated with acute rejection in renal transplant recipients. Diagnosis of these infections is often made by positive respiratory cultures, often with a delay between symptom onset and diagnosis. Clinical trials of antiviral agents in this patient population have not been carried out, and treatment has often been limited to severe, life-threatening cases.
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PMID:Community respiratory viruses: organ transplant recipients. 1086 40

Although acute respiratory infection (ARI) is the most frequent clinical syndrome in childhood, there is no validated measure of its severity. Therefore a parental questionnaire was developed: the Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness Flu Scale (CARIFS). A process of item generation, item reduction, and scale construction resulted in a scale composed of 18 items covering three domains; symptoms (e.g., cough); function (e.g., play), and parental impact (e.g., clinginess). The validity of the scale was evaluated in a study of 220 children with ARI. Construct validity was assessed by comparing the CARIFS score with physician, nurse, and parental assessment of the child's health. Data were available from 206 children (94%). The CARIFS correlated well with measures of the construct (Spearman's correlations between 0.36 and 0.52). Responsiveness was shown, with 90% of children having a CARIFS score less than a quarter of its initial value, by the tenth day.
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PMID:Canadian Acute Respiratory Illness and Flu Scale (CARIFS): development of a valid measure for childhood respiratory infections. 1094 61

The use of gas stoves has been associated with respiratory symptoms of chronic airway inflammation and higher rates of respiratory infections. We used data from a 1992/93 survey of 2,198 East German school children (aged 5 to 14) to assess whether gas cooking increases respiratory symptoms and is associated with a chronic inflammatory process reflected by an increase in white blood cell (WBC) count in children who do not exhibit signs of an acute respiratory infection. We found increases for the respiratory symptoms 'cough without cold' [odds ratio (OR) = 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-2.39], 'cough in the morning' (OR = 1.58; CI, 1.23-2.04) and 'cough during the day or at night' (OR = 1.42; CI, 1.13-1.78) in children living in homes with gas ranges, but lifetime prevalence of asthma, bronchitis, wheeze, and the prevalence of acute infections were not affected. Furthermore, we examined WBC levels in a subgroup of 1,134 children for whom blood samples were available and who did not suffer from an acute infection. We observed small increases in the risk of having WBC counts above the 75th or 90th percentile (8300 or 9800 cell counts per microliter) when children were exposed to gas cooking after adjustment for age, gender, and passive smoking (OR = 1.30; CI, 0.98-1.73, and OR = 1.38; CI, 0.91-2.10). The strongest effect estimates for chronic inflammation were found for those children likely to have been exposed at higher levels, that is when stoves had no fans, in smaller homes, and for children spending more time indoors.
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PMID:Gas cooking, respiratory health and white blood cell counts in children. 1095 87

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HIV-1 infection, the clinical spectrum of HIV-1-associated conditions and HIV-1-associated mortality among children hospitalized in the medical paediatric wards at Muhimbili Medical Centre (MMC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All children admitted to the medical paediatric wards of MMC between August 1995 and January 1996 were eligible for the study. Testing for HIV antibodies was done using 2 consecutive enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ELISA-reactive samples from children aged 18 months and below were further tested by a recently developed heat-denatured p24 antigen assay. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection among the 2015 children studied was 19.2%. When present for 14 days or more, fever, cough, diarrhoea, ear discharge, oral ulcers and skin rash were all significantly more common in HIV-1-infected than in HIV-uninfected children (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis cough, ear discharge, oropharyngeal ulcers and skin rash were found to be the most important symptoms. Clinical signs found to be significantly associated with HIV-1 infection in the univariate analysis were wasting, stunting, hair changes, oral thrush, oropharyngeal ulcers, lymphadenopathy, lung consolidation and lung crepitations (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, oral thrush, lung crepitations, cervical lymphadenopathy, wasting and inguinal lymphadenopathy were found to be the most important signs. The 3 most common diagnoses in HIV-1-infected children were acute respiratory infection (ARI) (39.4%), malnutrition (38.1%) and tuberculosis (19.3%), while in HIV-uninfected children they were malaria (47.0%), ARI (25.0%) and malnutrition (16.1%). The mortality rate was 21.4% in HIV-1-infected children and 8.4% in HIV-uninfected children (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the prevalence of HIV-1 infection among hospitalized children at the main hospital in Dar es Salaam was high and associated with high mortality. Many symptoms and signs are indicative of HIV-1 infection, but appropriate laboratory testing is required for diagnosis.
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PMID:Prevalence of HIV type 1 infection, associated clinical features and mortality among hospitalized children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 1095 42

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD) are both common forms of dialysis for patients with end-stage renal disease. A few case reports have suggested that cough is associated with PD. From 1991 to 1998, 17 patients being treated with PD at the Toronto Western Hospital demonstrated persistent cough severe enough for referral to a respirologist. Causes of cough, often more than one cause per patient, included asthma, post-nasal drip, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, allergic rhinitis, pleural effusion, and respiratory infection. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to establish the prevalence of cough among PD patients, to determine if PD patients more commonly have a dry persistent cough than do HD patients, and, if the latter case is true, the possible reasons for it. A detailed survey of 92 PD patients and 91 HD patients was conducted in 1998 and 1999 at the University Health Network. Survey questions inquired about patient respiratory symptoms since onset of dialysis. Charts were reviewed to obtain information on use of medications possibly relevant to cough. In the PD and HD groups, 52% and 23% were females (p = 0.001), and the mean ages were 59.1 and 60.1 years, respectively. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors had been taken by 65% (PD) and 55% (HD) of patients, and beta-blocking medications by 43% (PD) and 51% (HD). Since initiation of dialysis--mean 2.7 years (PD) and 3.7 years (HD)--22% of PD patients reported persistent cough versus 7% of HD patients (p = 0.003). Although no significant association was seen between cough and self-reported heartburn in HD patients (p = 0.439), a significant association between cough and self-reported heartburn was seen in PD patients: 67% of PD patients with persistent cough reported heartburn versus 29% of those without cough (p = 0.008). The findings suggest that GERD and associated cough are more common in PD patients than in HD patients, perhaps owing to increases in intra-abdominal pressure from the peritoneal dialysate.
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PMID:Prevalence and causes of cough in chronic dialysis patients: a comparison between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. 1104 77

A study was conducted in the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital and different schools and kindergartens in Addis Ababa to determine the prevalence of bacterial agents that are associated with acute respiratory infection in children from 1998-1999. A total of 883 subjects were studied, out of which 77% were cases from the Ethio-Swedish Children's Hospital and 23% were controls from different schools and kindergartens. From each case and control throat and nasopharyngeal specimens were collected. Culture and different biochemical tests were used to isolate the potential bacterial pathogens. Clinical findings like cough, difficult breathing and fever were correlated with laboratory findings. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type b were the most commonly isolated bacteria in both throat and nasopharyngeal specimens; 74% and 70% in the cases and 2% and 5% in the control groups, respectively. This paper discusses the association between throat and nasopharyngeal carriership of bacteria and acute respiratory infection in children in Addis Ababa.
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PMID:Prevalence of bacterial pathogens in children with acute respiratory infection in Addis Ababa. 1113 54

Current evidence suggests that the addition of the long acting inhaled beta2-agonist formoterol to low or moderate doses of the inhaled corticosteroid budesonide is effective in improving lung function and reducing the incidence of asthma exacerbations. Concurrent use of budesonide with formoterol does not result in any untoward interaction that affects the pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic profiles of the individual drugs, or their adverse effect profiles. The administration of combined budesonide/formoterol is effective in improving morning and evening peak expiratory flow rates in adults with persistent asthma. Control of asthma symptoms is also significantly improved. In children aged 4 to 17 years, combined budesonide/formoterol is effective in increasing both morning and evening peak expiratory flow rates and significantly improving forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). The most commonly encountered adverse effects in clinical trials with combination budesonide/formoterol therapy have been respiratory infection, pharyngitis and coughing. No adverse effects on pulse rate, blood pressure or serum potassium have been reported with combination therapy.
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PMID:Inhaled budesonide/formoterol combination. 1121 72

A study was conducted in Sunderpur, Varanasi to study the magnitude of the problem of acute Respiratory Infections among under five children in an urban slum and the clinical profile of it in order to understand the pattern of disease presentation for identifying methods of early diagnosis and timely intervention. 150 under five children were selected by stratified random sampling method and were observed for 52 weeks at weekly interval to record the illnesses. In total 661 episodes were observed in 5623 child-weeks of observation giving an episode rate of 6.11 per child per year. ARI accounted for 67% of all morbidities. Mean duration of all the episodes taken together was 8.15 + 5.44 days. Majority of the episodes (88.96%) were confined to the Upper Respiratory Tract only. Most commonly occurring clinical features were rhinorrhea, nasal stuffiness and cough. 61.4% of all the episodes terminated within seven days, and only 26.2% continued for two weeks.
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PMID:Descriptive epidemiology of acute respiratory infections among under five children in an urban slum area. 1124 65


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