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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Staff of the National Control of Diarrhoeal Disease Programme conducted interviews with 8171 urban and 3135 rural women, 13-50 years old, in Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Chittagong divisions of Bangladesh during 1992-1993 to determine levels, trends, and leading causes of child mortality. Between 1978-1984 and 1991, child mortality fell from 200 to 155/1000 live births and infant mortality fell from 125 to 105/1000 live births. The leading symptoms in the two weeks before the death of the child were fever (42.7% rural and 44.7% urban) and inability to ingest breast milk or other food (38.1% and 30.3%, respectively). Other common symptoms included convulsions, diarrhea, breathing difficulties, and cough. Diarrhea alone contributed to 18.4% of all child deaths. 34% of diarrhea-related deaths were associated with bloody diarrhea. Diarrhea plus acute respiratory infection (ARI) accounted for 25.8% of all child deaths. ARI alone accounted for 15.5% of all child deaths. More than 50% of diarrheal deaths and more than 60% of ARI deaths had had a fever. 21.3% of all child deaths occurred during the first three days postpartum.
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PMID:Levels, trends and causes of mortality in children below 5 years of age in Bangladesh: findings from a national survey. 786 25

At the two largest open air markets in Kumasi, Ghana, interviews were conducted with 143 women who had at least one child aged less than five years. Researchers wanted to examine their knowledge, attitude, and practices concerning acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children. The women tended to be married, Christian, from the Ashanti tribe, aged 20-29 years, and to have 2-3 living children. 73.4% had a child or children who had suffered from cough and fever within the last six months. 73.4% named exposure to cold as a direct cause of cough. Many women incorrectly blamed worm infestation for causing cough and fever (21%) and constipation for causing cough (25.9%). None mentioned pathogens as a cause of cough and fever. None said that good ventilation and avoidance of overcrowding prevent cough and fever. The more serious the symptoms, the more likely the mothers were to seek treatment at a health care facility (e.g., cough only, 0.7%; cough and fever, 6.3%; cough, fever, and anorexia, 30%; and cough, fever, and lethargy, 57.3%). Common home care practices for treating a runny nose included ephedrine or other types of nasal drops, herbal medicines, antipyretics, and antibiotics. 39.9% would use antibiotics to treat coughs. Honey and cough syrup were often used to treat cough and fever. Some herbal and home care therapies had potentially harmful effects. For example, 25.9% said that they used castor oil and enemas to prevent ARI. The women had an acceptable knowledge score on severity of symptoms (mode = 15/20; range = 11-18). These findings indicate a need for a health education program targeting mothers of children aged less than five years.
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PMID:Maternal knowledge, attitude and practices regarding childhood acute respiratory infections in Kumasi, Ghana. 788 91

We conducted a nested case-control study utilizing cases of clinical pneumonia identified in a community-based prospective surveillance study of children under 3 years of age in order to test the validity of a survey questionnaire. Three types of sex- and age-matched concurrent controls were selected from the surveillance population: acute respiratory infection (ARI) clinic controls. ARI community controls and healthy community controls. Survey interviews were scheduled at random for any of four consecutive 7-day periods after the diagnosis of the case. The questionnaire covered a 30-day recall period. The combination of cough with fast breathing or shortness of breath, and with fever, provided the highest positive predictive value for pneumonia. The sensitivity of some questions dropped when the interview took place more than 15 days after the diagnosis of the case. However, the utilization of a 15-day recall period did not increase the positive predictive value of the survey. We conclude that in this trained population under surveillance, a survey questionnaire utilizing a 30-day recall period and using the combination of cough, fast breathing or shortness of breath and fever to define episodes with a high likelihood of pneumonia, offers an acceptable tool for the monitoring and evaluation of respiratory control programmes. This questionnaire needs further evaluation in an untrained population and in other regions before it can be adopted for use in ARI control programmes.
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PMID:Validity of a respiratory questionnaire to identify pneumonia in children in Lima, Peru. 800 98

Although mycoplasmal airway infection frequently exacerbates bronchial asthma, the cause of the initial onset of asthma remains unclear at present. In this report, we describe a patient in whom a previous acute mycoplasmal respiratory infection led to an initial onset of bronchial asthma. One month after the onset of the illness, cough and wheezing appeared. Pulmonary function studies revealed an airway obstructive dysfunction. Oral administration of bronchodilators resulted in a marked improvement of the asthmatic symptoms. An airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was demonstrated even 2 yrs after the initial onset of the illness, and IgE antibody specific to Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected in the serum by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An immediate skin test for M. pneumoniae was positive in addition to multiple positive skin tests. A bronchial inhalation challenge test with M. pneumoniae antigen also yielded a positive result. We conclude that the effects of mycoplasmal respiratory infections on the airway are multifactorial and involve a complex interplay of airway inflammation and IgE-mediated hypersensitivity.
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PMID:Association of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen with initial onset of bronchial asthma. 784 24

Respiratory tract infections are prevalent in foals, yet the frequency with which the distal airways are affected in clinical episodes of respiratory tract disease has not been evaluated to our knowledge. The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection (DRTI) in foals on a sample of Thoroughbred breeding farms (n = 10) in Ontario. In a pilot study, clinical criteria commonly used to select foals for antimicrobial treatment (detection of abnormal lung sounds, plus nasal discharge, cough, fever, tachypnea, and/or lethargy) were found to segregate foals with and without endoscopically confirmed DRTI. Mucopurulent exudate and bronchial erythema were observed more frequently (P < 0.005), bronchial lavage total cell count and neutrophil concentration were significantly (P < 0.005) higher, and intracellular cocci were recovered significantly (P < 0.01) more often from bronchial lavage samples of affected foals (n = 8) than of controls (n = 8). These clinical criteria were used to identify cases in a cohort of Thoroughbred foals (n = 219) from May 1 to October 30, 1991. Case morbidity adjusted for clustering was 82 +/- 5% (95% confidence limits, 72 to 92%). Most (74%) episodes of clinical DRTI were detected in July and August, and equal numbers were detected before (53%) and after (47%) weaning of foals. Of 178 cases, 66 (48%) were selected at random for endoscopy and bronchial lavage. Grade-II pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia was observed commonly (60% of foals); auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) discharge was observed in 18 of 86 (21%) foals, and guttural pouch infection was confirmed in 6 of 7 foals examined endoscopically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms. 825 Mar 84

Between December 1986 and January 1987 at the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, a small hospital serving inhabitants of peri-urban slums and middle-class housing in Alabang, the Philippines, clinical researchers measured aflatoxin in the serum and urine of 115 children aged less than 13 who had a cough for less than three weeks (i.e., acute lower respiratory infection [ALRI]). They wanted to learn whether consumption of aflatoxin found in many foods in the Philippines could increase ALRI-related mortality among Filipino children. Almost all 115 children had probably been exposed to aflatoxin. 59% were admitted to the hospital. 11% of the hospitalized children died. No child died among those not admitted to the hospital. 73% of all children were severely malnourished. 82% had abnormal chest radiographs. 49% had severe ALRI, 31% mild ALRI, 12% moderate ALRI, and 8% severe-complicated ALRI. 67% of the children and none of the mothers had no detectable aflatoxin in their sera. The mean and median aflatoxin levels in the positive sera were 462 and 140 pg/ml, respectively (range, 20-5600 pg/ml). 64 of 65 sera had some aflatoxin metabolites (0.1-4.77 ng/ml). The mean aflatoxin metabolite/creatinine ratio was 1.27 (range, 0.19-4.43). Undetectable serum aflatoxin was associated with death (p = 0.006). Both anorexia and impaired consciousness level were significantly associated with death (p 0.001). The concentration of urinary aflatoxin metabolites had no apparent effect on outcomes. These findings do not support the hypothesis that aflatoxin acts as an immunosuppressant. Since almost all children tested had aflatoxin metabolites (indicating recent ingestion of aflatoxin), however, the researchers could not exclude aflatoxin's role as a potential immunosuppressant.
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PMID:Aflatoxin and outcome from acute lower respiratory infection in children in The Philippines. 853 39

Examination of historical and clinical details of 270 adult horses suffering from a variety of mainly chronic pulmonary diseases showed that the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group (median age 9 years) were the oldest, and that the COPD, chronic idiopathic hypoxaemia and exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) groups had the longest duration of disease (median durations 7, 12 and 9 months, respectively) with a median disease duration of 2 months for the remaining horses. A history of antecedent respiratory infection was present in 24.3% of all horses. Six out of 12 horses that grazed with donkeys suffered lungworm infection. Silage was fed to 11.3% of all horses, nonstraw beddings were utilised by 28.7% of horses and 8.7% of horses were maintained permanently outdoors. Environmental control had been unsuccessfully attempted in 47% of COPD cases prior to referral. Histories of poor athletic performance or of excessive post exercise dyspnoea were found to be less definitive indicators of pulmonary disease. Coughing was the most sensitive clinical indicator of pulmonary disease, being present in 71.1% of horses with pulmonary disorders. Nasal discharge was present in 50.4% of these horses and coughing or nasal discharge was present in 86.7% of horses with respiratory disorders. Unilateral nasal discharge was inexplicably present in 3.3% of horses with pulmonary disease. Other clinical findings, including the presence of increased breathing effort, abnormal thoracic or tracheal auscultatory findings were less sensitive diagnostic parameters with pulmonary diseases, and were frequently absent unless severe pulmonary disease was present.
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PMID:Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and of historical and clinical findings. 856 38

At immunization contact, 165 infants 2.5 mo old were randomly assigned to receive either 15 mg vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) or placebo. Three doses were given at monthly intervals with each diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and oral polio (DPT/OPV) immunization dose. The diarrhea and acute respiratory infection (ARI) morbidity was similar in the vitamin A and placebo groups. However, the duration (days per child-year, mean +/- SD) of ARI was less in the vitamin A group compared with placebo group (27.6 +/- 17.1 vs. 40.8 +/- 22.7; P = 0.005). Fasting retinol concentrations were measured at entry and in 61 infants, the relative dose response (RDR) test was done 1 mo after the third dose of vitamin A. Eighty-five percent of the infants had serum retinol concentration < 0.70 mol/L at entry. After 3 mo the serum retinol levels improved significantly in both groups, and in the vitamin A-supplemented group the serum retinol concentration was significantly better than that in the placebo group (P= 0.02). However, 61% of the infants remained deficient despite vitamin A supplementation. Among vitamin A-supplemented infants only, diarrhea and ARI morbidity during the 3-mo period were compared in children with normal versus children with abnormal RDR at the end of the supplementation period. The ARI episodes were more frequent in the supplemented infants who remained vitamin A deficient at the end of the 3 mo (P = 0.027). Also, the cumulative duration (days, mean +/- SD) of fever and cough was 5.0 +/- 2.8 in the normal versus 11.2 +/- 6.0 in the deficient group (P = 0.04). The results of this study suggest that a large proportion of infants remain vitamin A deficient even after large dose vitamin A supplementation because of frequent respiratory infections, particularly those accompanied by fever.
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PMID:Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A. 859 47

In 1991, in Ndola, Zambia, staff at urban health centers randomly allocated children with acute measles who did not require hospitalization to receive either a single oral dose of 200,000 IU of oil-soluble vitamin A (90 children) or a placebo (110 children). (A single oral administration of vitamin A at this dose is recommended by the World Health Organization [WHO]). This double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study aimed to determine whether or not a single oral dose of vitamin A would minimize measles-associated morbidity in children who do not require hospitalization. The cross-sectional analysis revealed that at week 4 the vitamin A group was more likely than the placebo group to have no symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) (93% vs. 78%) and less likely to have pneumonia (0 vs. 12%) (p = 0.005). It did not find any significant association prior to week 4, however. None of the three longitudinal analyses found vitamin A to have a significant benefit on morbidity. These analyses considered the effect of treatment on the movement of individual patients between ARI health states. The odds ratio for pneumonia in children with measles-associated cough and for measles-associated cough or pneumonia in asymptomatic measles patients suggested that vitamin A minimized morbidity (0.73 and 0.52, respectively). Yet vitamin A failed to improve pneumonia (odds ratio = 1.23, in favor of placebo). These findings suggest that a single oral dose of 200,000 IU of oil-soluble vitamin A is not as effective at preventing measles complications as that indicated earlier for two 200,000 IU doses of water-miscible vitamin A. Thus, the WHO recommendations need to be reconsidered.
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PMID:Efficacy of a single oral dose of 200,000 IU of oil-soluble vitamin A in measles-associated morbidity. 861 Jun 56

Morgagni hernia is a rare condition in childhood, and it may be asymptomatic or produce respiratory symptoms. Two cases with Morgagni hernias are presented. Both patients had occasionally respiratory infection, coughing and fever. The diagnosis was made with a chest radiograph taken for respiratory infection. They were treated surgically and they were discharged in uneventful condition.
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PMID:Pediatric Morgagni hernia. Report of two cases. 867 31


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