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 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The signs of pneumonic plague in sacred baboons infected by aerosol are: fever, hurried breathing, depression and constantly increasing bacteremia. Some infected animals isolate the plague microbes while coughing and thus could be a source of the infection. By the clinical and pathomorphological signs, pneumonic plague in sacred baboons is similar to that in humans which makes it possible to use the animals in the development of schemes for special prophylaxis and treatment of the disease. In efficacy estimation of antibacterial drugs sacred baboons should be infected by aerosol by highly virulent strains of Y. pestis in doses of 1.10(4)-1.10(5) live microbes. The treatment of the animals should be started from the moment of the rectal temperature increase to 39.5 degrees C or higher after collecting the blood specimens for the bacteriological tests. It was shown that a two-day course of the treatment with antibacterial drugs was not efficient in the animals with pneumonic plague. The use of streptomycin, gentamicin, netilmicin or ciprofloxacin for 7 days cured all the infected animals. The use of streptomycin in the therapeutic doses was not efficient in the animals whose blood specimens of 1 cm3 contained 4.10(4) or more plague microbes by the moment when the treatment was started.
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PMID:[Standardization of conditions for the evaluation of effectiveness of antibacterial drugs in pneumonic plague in sacred baboons]. 859 90

Petasides hybridus (butterbur) is a perennial shrub, found throughout Europe as well as parts of Asia and North America, that has been used medicinally for centuries. During the Middle Ages butterbur was used to treat plague and fever; in the 17th century its use was noted in treating cough, asthma, and skin wounds. The plant can grow to a height of three feet and is usually found in wet, marshy ground, in damp forests, and adjacent to rivers or streams. Its downy leaves can attain a diameter of three feet, making it the largest of all indigenous floras, and their unique characteristics are responsible for the plant's botanical and common names. The genus name, Petasites, is derived from the Greek word petasos, which is the felt hat worn by shepherds. The common name of butterbur is attributed to the large leaves being used to wrap butter during warm weather. Other common names include pestwurz (German), blatterdock, bog rhubarb, and butter-dock. Currently, the primary therapeutic uses for butterbur are for prophylactic treatment of migraines, and as an anti-spasmodic agent for chronic cough or asthma. It has also been used successfully in preventing gastric ulcers, and in treating patients with irritable bladder and urinary tract spasms.
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PMID:Monograph. Petasites hybridus. 1130 83

Atypical organisms such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila are implicated in up to 40 percent of cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Antibiotic treatment is empiric and includes coverage for both typical and atypical organisms. Doxycycline, a fluoroquinolone with enhanced activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, or a macrolide is appropriate for outpatient treatment of immunocompetent adult patients. Hospitalized adults should be treated with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone plus a macrolide, or with a fluoroquinolone alone. The same agents can be used in adult patients in intensive care units, although fluoroquinolone monotherapy is not recommended; ampicillin-sulbactam or piperacillin-tazobactam can be used instead of cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. Outpatient treatment of children two months to five years of age consists of high-dose amoxicillin given for seven to 10 days. A single dose of ceftriaxone can be used in infants when the first dose of antibiotic is likely to be delayed or not absorbed. Older children can be treated with a macrolide. Hospitalized children should be treated with a macrolide plus a beta-lactam inhibitor. In a bioterrorist attack, pulmonary illness may result from the organisms that cause anthrax, plague, or tularemia. Sudden acute respiratory syndrome begins with a flu-like illness, followed two to seven days later by cough, dyspnea and, in some instances, acute respiratory distress.
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PMID:Atypical pathogens and challenges in community-acquired pneumonia. 1508 42

Plague has received much attention because it may be used as a weapon by terrorists. Intentionally released aerosols of Yersinia pestis would cause pneumonic plague. In order to prepare for such an event, it is important, particularly for medical personnel and first responders, to form a realistic idea of the risk of person-to-person spread of infection. Historical accounts and contemporary experience show that pneumonic plague is not as contagious as it is commonly believed to be. Persons with plague usually only transmit the infection when the disease is in the endstage, when infected persons cough copious amounts of bloody sputum, and only by means of close contact. Before antibiotics were available for postexposure prophylaxis for contacts, simple protective measures, such as wearing masks and avoiding close contact, were sufficient to interrupt transmission during pneumonic plague outbreaks. In this article, I review the historical literature and anecdotal evidence regarding the risk of transmission, and I discuss possible protective measures.
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PMID:Risk of person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague. 1579 18

Pest infestation is a major problem in urban, low-income housing and may contribute to elevated asthma prevalence and exacerbation rates in such communities. However, there is poor understanding of the effectiveness of integrated pest management (IPM) efforts in controlling pediatric asthma, or of the interactions among various interventions and risk factors in these settings. As part of the Boston-based Healthy Public Housing Initiative, we conducted a longitudinal, single-cohort community-based participatory research intervention study. Fifty asthmatic children aged 4-17 from three public housing developments in Boston, Massachusetts, USA successfully completed interventions and detailed environmental, medical, social, and health outcome data collection. Interventions primarily consisted of IPM and related cleaning and educational efforts, but also included limited case management and support from trained community health advocates. In pre-post analyses, we found significant reductions in a 2-week recall respiratory symptom score (from 2.6 to 1.5 on an 8-point scale, p = 0.0002) and in the frequency of wheeze/cough, slowing down or stopping play, and waking at night. Longitudinal analyses of asthma-related quality of life similarly document significant improvements, with a suggestion of some improvements prior to environmental interventions with an increased rate of improvement subsequent to pest management activities. Analyses of potential explanatory factors demonstrated significant between-development differences in symptom improvements and suggested some potential contributions of allergen reductions, increased peak flow meter usage, and improved social support, but not medication changes. In spite of limitations with pre-post comparisons, our results are consistent with aggressive pest management and other allergen reduction efforts having a positive impact on clinical health outcomes associated with asthma. Our findings reinforce the multifactorial nature of urban asthma and suggest a need for further study of the relative contributions of and possible synergies between environmental and social factors in asthma intervention programs.
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PMID:A community-based participatory research study of multifaceted in-home environmental interventions for pediatric asthmatics in public housing. 1678 7

Four people admitted to a tertiary care hospital during February 2002 had similar respiratory symptoms; they belonged to one family residing in a village in Himachal Pradesh, India. The clustering of these cases in space and time led to the suspicion that it could be a pneumonic plague outbreak. A standard case definition, and treatment and prophylaxis guidelines were prepared. Active surveillance identified 30 cases. The incubation period ranged from 3 to 7 days. Among the affected people, 53.3% were males, and 90% were >15 years of age. Fever with cough was the most common presenting feature (43.3%). The diagnosis of pneumonic plague was confirmed from blood cultures using conventional biochemical tests, phage susceptibility of the identified organisms, and F1 antigen ELISA and PCR for the pla gene. Five patients died giving a case-fatality ratio of 16.6%. The other cases recovered following treatment. Early identification of cases and prompt institution of control measures, particularly among close family members, relatives and health care contacts is essential for containing outbreaks. To prevent future outbreaks, known endemic foci should be identified and essential information should be gathered on the epizoology of plague.
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PMID:Epidemiological features of pneumonic plague outbreak in Himachal Pradesh, India. 1921 Nov 17

Unani system of medicine is based on the humoral theory postulated by Hippocrates, according to him the state of body health and disease are regulated by qualitative and quantitative equilibrium of four humours. Amraz-e-Waba is an umbrella term which is used in Unani medicine for all types of epidemics (smallpox, measles, plague, Hameer Saifi, influenza, Nipaha, Ebola, Zika, and 2019 novel coronavirus, etc.) mostly fatal in nature. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory infection, and the pathogenesis and clinical features resemble with those of Nazla-e-Wabaiya (influenza) and Zatul Riya (pneumonia) which were well described many years ago in Unani text such as high-grade fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, running nose, dry cough, respiratory distress, alternate and small pulse, asthenia, foul smell from breath, insomnia, frothy stool, syncope, coldness in both upper and lower extremities, etc. The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a global emergency pandemic. Unani scholars like Hippocrates (370-460 BC), Galen (130-200 AD), Rhazes (865-925 AD), and Avicenna (980-1037 AD) had described four etiological factors for Amraz-e-Waba viz., change in quality of air, water, Earth, and celestial bodies, accordingly mentioned various preventive measures to be adopted during epidemics such as restriction of movement, isolation or "quarantena", and fumigation with loban (Styrax benzoin W. G. Craib ex Hartwich.), sandalwood (Santalum album L.), Zafran (Crocus sativus L.), myrtle (Myrtus communis L.), and roses (Rosa damascena Mill.) and use of vinegar (sirka) and antidotes (Tiryaq) as prophylaxis, and avoiding consumption of milk, oil, sweet, meat, and alcohol. This review focuses and elaborates on the concept, prevention, and probable management of COVID-19 in the light of Amraz-e-Waba.
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PMID:Understanding COVID-19 in the light of epidemic disease described in Unani medicine. 3296 32