Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several potent and selective antagonists for tachykinin receptors are now available and appear as powerful tools to investigate the physiological and pathological roles of tachykinins and to identify the type of receptor involved in their effect. Indeed, a lot of studies have shown that tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonists (SR 48968, MEN 10627) are able to inhibit cough induced by citric acid, capsaicin or allergen challenge in the unanesthetized guinea-pig or mechanical stimulation of the trachea in the cat. The effects of tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists are still debated, whereas an inhibitory effect of SR 142801, a tachykinin NK3 receptor antagonist, has been reported against citric acid-induced cough in the guinea-pig. Experiments with tachykinin receptor antagonists which do not cross the blood brain barrier suggest that the site of action of tachykinin receptor antagonists is most probably peripheral, but a central action, at least in an area not protected by the blood brain barrier, cannot be excluded. Finally, tachykinin NK2 receptor stimulation seems to be involved in sensitisation of cough reflex.
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PMID:Tachykinin receptor antagonists and cough. 923 71

The effect of the K(ATP) channel openers, pinacidil and cromakalim, on coughing was studied in guinea pigs exposed to a nebulized aqueous solution of citric acid (0.50 M). Both pinacidil and cromakalim, subcutaneously administered 45 min before the test, inhibited coughing. The D50 (95% CI) were 0.95 +/- 0.90 mg/kg for cromakalim and 3.25 +/- 0.92 mg/kg for pinacidil. Under our experimental conditions, the D50 (95% CI) of codeine was 1.74 +/- 0.75 mg/kg. The combination of cromakalim and pinacidil with codeine produced an additive effect. An additive effect was also produced by the combination of pinacidil with the selective tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist MEN 10,627 = [cyclo(Met-Asp-Trp-Phe-Dap-Leu)cyclo(2beta-5beta)]. The antitussive effect of pinacidil and cromakalim was not a consequence of a bronchodilating effect, which was absent at these dose levels under our experimental conditions. These results indicate that K(ATP) channel openers have an opioid-like antitussive effect and may suggest a novel approach to the symptomatic treatment of coughing.
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PMID:Antitussive effect of K+ channel openers. 1035 92

Idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (IDHPNC) is a rare disorder that most often presents clinically as obliterative bronchiolitis, but has also been associated with ectopic corticotropin syndrome. We describe a 49-year-old lifetime non-smoking female with longstanding cough, progressive exertional dyspnoea, and fixed airflow limitation, who presented with acromegaly. Head magnetic resonance imaging revealed a pituitary microadenoma and open lung biopsy revealed a multifocal proliferation of neuroendocrine cells which were immunopositive for both corticotropin and growth hormone-releasing hormone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of acromegaly associated with IDHPNC, and supports the possibility that IDHPNC may fall at one extreme of the spectrum of disorders encountered in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.
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PMID:Idiopathic diffuse hyperplasia of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in a patient with acromegaly. 1518 82

We have previously shown that ionotropic glutamate receptors in the caudal portion of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), especially in the commissural NTS, play a prominent role in the mediation of tracheobronchial cough and that substance P potentiates this reflex. This NTS region could be a site of action of some centrally acting antitussive agents and a component of a drug-sensitive gating mechanism of cough. To address these issues, we investigated changes in baseline respiratory activity and cough responses to tracheobronchial mechanical stimulation following microinjections (30-50 nl) of centrally acting antitussive drugs into the caudal NTS of pentobarbitone-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits. [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and baclofen decreased baseline respiratory frequency because of increases in the inspiratory time only at the higher concentration employed (5 mM and 1 mM, respectively). DAMGO (0.5 mM) and baclofen (0.1 mM) significantly decreased cough number, peak abdominal activity, peak tracheal pressure, and increased cough-related total cycle duration. At the higher concentrations, these agents suppressed the cough reflex. The effects of these two drugs were counteracted by specific antagonists (10 mM naloxone and 25 mM CGP-35348, respectively). The neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist CP-99,994 (10 mM) abolished cough responses, whereas the NK2 receptor antagonist MEN 10376 (5 mM) had no effect. The results indicate that the caudal NTS is a site of action of some centrally acting drugs and a likely component of a neural system involved in cough regulation. A crucial role of substance P release in the mediation of reflex cough is also suggested.
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PMID:Modulation of the cough reflex by antitussive agents within the caudal aspect of the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rabbit. 1848 Feb 45

We have previously shown that the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii is a site of action of some antitussive drugs and that the caudal ventral respiratory group (cVRG) region has a crucial role in determining both the expiratory and inspiratory components of the cough motor pattern. These findings led us to suggest that the cVRG region, and possibly other neural substrates involved in cough regulation, may be sites of action of antitussive drugs. To address this issue, we investigated changes in baseline respiratory activity and cough responses to tracheobronchial mechanical stimulation following microinjections (30-50 nl) of some antitussive drugs into the cVRG of pentobarbital-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rabbits. [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and baclofen at the lower concentrations (0.5 mM and 0.1 mM, respectively) decreased cough number, peak abdominal activity, and peak tracheal pressure and increased cough-related total cycle duration (Tt). At the higher concentrations (5 mM and 1 mM, respectively), both drugs abolished the cough reflex. DAMGO and baclofen also affected baseline respiratory activity. Both drugs reduced peak abdominal activity, while only DAMGO increased Tt, owing to increases in expiratory time. The neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor antagonist CP-99,994 (10 mM) decreased cough number, peak abdominal activity, and peak tracheal pressure, without affecting baseline respiration. The NK(2) receptor antagonist MEN 10376 (5 mM) had no effect. The results indicate that the cVRG is a site of action of some antitussive agents and support the hypothesis that several neural substrates involved in cough regulation may share this characteristic.
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PMID:Depression of cough reflex by microinjections of antitussive agents into caudal ventral respiratory group of the rabbit. 2065 Dec 22

Cervical lymphadenitis is a common finding in young adults in a country like India, where tuberculosis is endemic. We are presenting the case of a young boy who presented with low grade fever, dry cough, weight loss, and a cervical swelling. His chest X-ray showed diffuse reticulonodular infiltrates. Contrast enhanced CT of chest showed bilateral multiple ring shadows. Cervical lymph node fine needle cytology suggested a metastatic thyroid carcinoma. He was evaluated extensively and a final diagnosis of a familial medullary thyroid carcinoma was made. Medullary thyroid carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cervical lymphadenitis with lung infiltrates in young adults. It may be sporadic or a part of an inherited autosomal dominant disorder like multiple endocrine neoplasia. Genetic testing should be done for all patients with a diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma.
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PMID:A diagnostic dilemma: a young boy with loss of weight, pulmonary infiltrates and cervical lymphadenitis. 2408

Mucosal neuromas of the larynx in the setting of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN-2B) are extremely rare; to the best of our knowledge, only 2 other cases have been previously reported in the world literature. We describe a new case, which occurred in a 30-year old woman who presented with dysphagia, dysphonia, and cough. On examination, she was found to have multiple laryngeal mucosal neuromas throughout the glottis and supraglottis. She underwent surgical resection of these lesions with resolution of her symptoms.
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PMID:Laryngeal neuromas in a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B. 2653 26

Idiopathic achalasia is an archetype esophageal motor disorder, causing significant impairment of eating ability and reducing quality of life. The pathophysiological underpinnings of this condition are loss of esophageal peristalsis and insufficient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). The clinical manifestations include dysphagia for both solids and liquids, regurgitation of esophageal contents, retrosternal chest pain, cough, aspiration, weight loss and heartburn. Even though idiopathic achalasia was first described more than 300 years ago, researchers are only now beginning to unravel its complex etiology and molecular pathology. The most recent findings indicate an autoimmune component, as suggested by the presence of circulating anti-myenteric plexus autoantibodies, and a genetic predisposition, as suggested by observed correlations with other well-defined genetic syndromes such as Allgrove syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 B syndrome. Viral agents (herpes, varicella zoster) have also been proposed as causative and promoting factors. Unfortunately, the therapeutic approaches available today do not resolve the causes of the disease, and only target the consequential changes to the involved tissues, such as destruction of the LES, rather than restoring or modifying the underlying pathology. New therapies should aim to stop the disease at early stages, thereby preventing the consequential changes from developing and inhibiting permanent damage. This review focuses on the known characteristics of idiopathic achalasia that will help promote understanding its pathogenesis and improve therapeutic management to positively impact the patient's quality of life.
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PMID:New insights into the pathophysiology of achalasia and implications for future treatment. 2767 86