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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In children vaccinated with killed measles vaccine, exposure to natural rubeola within two to four years can result in a clinical syndrome of altered measles reactivity.During a small epidemic of measles in Edmonton, Alberta, 51 children who had received their last killed measles vaccination 27 to 45 months before, were admitted to hospital with this syndrome.The syndrome consists of a prodromal cough and high fever followed by a maculopapular rash appearing on the extremities and progressing centrally. Pulmonary consolidations with or without pleural effusions were evident, but these cleared rapidly in four or five days. Initial WBC and ESR values suggested a bacterial etiology, but no pathogens could be isolated.Complement fixation titres for rubeola are present in acute and convalescent sera and indicate a definite measles infection.Previous killed measles vaccination excites a delayed hypersensitivity which is activated by the natural measles infection to account for this syndrome.It is recommended that killed measles vaccine be no longer used in routine vaccinations.
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PMID:Altered reactivity to measles virus in previously vaccinated children. 550 6

Adverse reactions to measles vaccine observed in children vaccinated between September, 1981 and May, 1983 in a Socio Sanitary Local Unit of Lombardy were studied. The adverse reactions more frequently reported by the parents were cough (18%), rash (12%), fever (9%), coryza (6%) and conjunctivitis (6%). Beginning September, 1982 a case-control study was started matching each vaccine with an unvaccinated child of the same age and sex. Statistically significant differences between vaccinated and controls have been observed only for rash and fever but not for the other symptoms. During the study febrile convulsions with spontaneous recovery and without sequelae have been observed in two vaccinated children.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to measles vaccine. 646 53

Further-attenuated strains of measles virus may be distinguished from virulent strains by the following characteristics. Unlike virulent strains, attenuated strains of measles virus can be propagated in chick embryo fibroblast cultures, induce production of interferon in tissue culture cells, and produce plaques that can be distinguished from those produced by virulent strains. Unlike virulent measles virus, attenuated strains induce an inapparent infection in approximately 85% of vaccines. Symptoms such as fever, cough and rash, if present, are usually transient. Bacterial and central nervous system complications associated with natural measles infection are extremely rare after immunization. A 16-year, prospective study of immunologic response of 47 children who had natural measles and of 70 children immunized with live, further-attenuated measles vaccine revealed (1) that all 47 children with natural measles infection had high titers of hemagglutination-inhibiting (HAI) antibody (greater than or equal to 1:64) one month after vaccination and 15% had low titers (1:2-1:4) 16 years after vaccination; and (2) that all 70 children who received live, further-attenuated measles vaccine had high titers of HAI antibody (greater than or equal to 1:64) one month after vaccination, but in 36% of the group the titers declined to less than 1:8 16 years later. Neutralizing antibody was detectable in convalescent sera that had lost detectable HAI antibody. Reimmunization of children with undetectable HAI antibody induced a classic booster response. These prospective immunologic studies confirmed that immunity persists after immunization as well as after natural measles infection.
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PMID:Further-attenuated measles vaccine: characteristics and use. 687 2

In October 1978, a nationwide initiative to eliminate indigenous measles from the United States by October 1, 1982, was announced. The measles elimination program has three major elements: attaining and maintaining high immunization levels, aggressive and effective surveillance, and vigorous response to cases. In 1980, immunization levels in children entering school for the first time were 96%, indicating that the necessary levels have been attained in the age group. Mechanisms are in place to assure maintenance of these levels; these rely heavily on the use of immunization requirements for school attendance in each state. Aggressive surveillance systems have been developed for each state to detect suspected measles cases as soon as possible after they occur and to investigate them within 24 hr of notification. The clinical definition of measles used is fever of greater than or equal to 101 F (38.3 C); rash of three or more days duration; and cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis. The response to outbreaks involves identifying persons in the area who are at risk of contracting measles, determining those who are possibly susceptible, and ensuring that these persons are vaccinated. In school outbreaks, susceptible students are vaccinated or excluded from school until the outbreak is over. During 1981, measles morbidity reached a record low level of only 3,032 reported cases (provisional total). Epidemic measles occurred in only a few outbreaks of limited size and duration, and endemic cases were restricted to a small number. Imported cases averaged slightly more than two per week, occasionally producing limited outbreaks, but more often resulting in no secondary spread. Transmission of measles has been interrupted in most of the United States. With continued vigorous implementation of the current strategy and with additional measures to lessen the risk of importations, it appears likely that the goal to eliminate indigenous measles transmission will be attained by October 1982.
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PMID:Elimination of indigenous measles from the United States. 687 11

A patient suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, in complete remission for two years, is treated for haematologic relapse with V.P.D. and C.O.A.P. consolidation. After this treatment, develops tiredness, sleepiness, a slight fever and cough, dying some days after, of interstitial pneumonia. Post-mortem anatomic-pathological studies, show giant cell multinucleated pneumopathia, with intranuclear inclusions bodies, that in ultrastructural level resembles paramyxovirus. When this complication took place, the patient had a brother with measles, but he hasn't, the typical symptomatology of said virus disease. According to Siegel, authors point out the frequency of death due to interstitial pneumonia as a complication caused by measles in immunodeficient patients, remarking the importance of an immediate diagnosis and its' prophylaxis.
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PMID:[Giant cell pneumonia. Complication in one case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. 693 58

This paper presents preliminary findings about morbidity observed in a prospective epidemiological study in a village community near Khartoum during 1977-1979. A total of 293 under-five children in 310 households were followed up for two years. Each household was visited twice monthly and information of the disease pattern was collected. Cough, fever and diarrhoea were found to be the commonest cause of morbidity. The average incidence being 296, 292 and 217 episodes respectively per 100 children per year. Vomiting, skin disease and conjunctivitis occurred at a much lower rate. Measles was observed in 14% of children under one year of age. The incidence of whooping cough was low an no outbreak occurred during the two years of observation. The seasonality of various diseases, their severity and age distribution is discussed and compared over the two year period.
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PMID:Morbidity patterns among under-five children in a rural community in Sudan. 724 43

The atypical measles syndrome is a relatively new disease that was first recognized 15 years ago. Initially, it occurred in children who were exposed to wild measles virus several years after they were immunized with killed measles vaccine. It was characterized by a two- to three-day prodrome of high fever, cough, headache, and myalgia followed by a rash that resembled Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scarlet fever, or varicella and associated with roentgenographic evidence of pneumonia with or without pleural effusion. This report highlights three unusual manifestations of this syndrome: 1) transient hepatitis, 2) persistence of pulmonary lesions for several years, and 3) occurrence of excessively high measles hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers. Today, this syndrome occurs predominantly in adolescents and young adults.
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PMID:Atypical measles syndrome: unusual hepatic, pulmonary, and immunologic aspects. 746 41

An ethnographic study was conducted in four local government areas of Nigeria. The techniques of informal unstructured interviews and participant observation were used. A total of 104 focus group discussions with 53 groups of mothers, 21 groups of grandmothers, and 30 groups of fathers were conducted. Perception of causes of ARI ranged from cold water, to heredity, poor hygiene, exposure to smoke and dust and the supernatural forces. Preventive measures described were related to the perceived causes. For those groups that discussed home remedies to the treatment of ARI, the remedies described for cough included herbal drinks (39% of groups); honey with lemon (19.5%); eating specific vegetables believed to relieve cough (8.4%); and preparations containing palm oil (21.7%). Remedies described for measles included herbal drinks (62%); local tropical creams (24%); and palm wine (13.7%). Those for ear infections included drops of herbal mixtures in the ear (38%); plugging the ear with cotton wool previously dipped in honey, or alcohol (17%). The findings of this study have implications for the Health Education Component of the National ARI Control program which Nigeria recently embarked upon. There is also the need for research on the efficacy and any possible adverse effects of identified home remedies. (author's)
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PMID:An ethnographic study of acute respiratory infections in four local government areas of Nigeria. 749 6

Between 1975 and 1983 health care expenditures in Ghana dropped to a low point as a consequence of the structural readjustment program instituted by the World Bank. During 1975-76 only 15% of available funds were spent on primary health care (PHC), which was officially introduced in the late 1970s. PHC made up 20-25% of the health care expenditures by 1991 with about 25% of health personnel engaged in PHC. 2/3 of health care delivery covered urban areas when 60% of the population lived in the countryside. The district of Ejisu-Juaben in the Ashanti region had high morbidity. Tetanus, polio, whooping-cough, and diphtheria had been brought under control, but measles, diarrhea, and malnutrition were still widespread among children under 5 years old. Malaria, bilharzia, intestinal parasites, respiratory infections, hepatitis, anemia, hypertension, and vitamin A deficiency were also grave problems. AIDS was on the rise. Child mortality amounted to 130/1000 live births and maternal mortality to 1400/100,000 cases. The medical structure of the district comprises 10 health posts (6 governmental and 4 mission). Only 72 villages and 120,000 people are cared for. Each post has a mobile team. In 1993 a new community-based health care program began funded by Save the Children Netherlands. In 60 villages a village health committee existed but they were substandard. They were either reactivated or new committees were set up. Training activities were also started in prenatal care, delivery, care of malnutrition and diarrhea, hygiene, and sanitation. Two years later safe motherhood indicators had improved; postnatal care increased from 16% to 49%; medical deliveries increased from 27% to 37%; the share of families with contraceptive acceptance increased from 7% to 21%; and tetanus vaccination among mothers was estimated to have increased from 27% to 86%.
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PMID:[Primary health care in Ghana: no pay no cure?]. 750 Oct 68

One hundred and three hospitalised urban pre-school Nigerian children aged 2 weeks to 4 years with various acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI), were studied prospectively over a 9- month period (August 1985 - April 1986). Overlapping seasonal peaks, corresponding to the rainy/early harmattan months of August through November were most noticeable for the two major viral ALRI syndromes namely, bronchiolitis and croup. The overall M:F ratio was 1.1:1, but a corresponding ratio of 1.6:1 was recorded in the infants. The commonest ALRI symptoms were cough, breathlessness and fever while chest wall retraction, nasal flaring, tachypnoea and auscultatory crepitations were the most frequently recognised physical findings. Grunting respiration was recognised in 26 patients, majority of whom had pleural effusion and/or severe bronchopneumonia. Bronchopneumonia was the single commonest ALRI diagnosis, recorded alone or in combination with another lower respiratory syndrome, in 64 (61.2%) of the 103 cases. The croup:bronchiolitis: pneumonia ratio was 1:2.3:8.3. Nasopharyngitis was recorded in 42 (40.7%) of cases, and was frequently associated with the presumably viral ALRI syndromes of croup and bronchiolitis. Pleural effusion, frequently purulent, was the commonest respiratory complication, while heart failure and anaemia were the most frequently recognised associated conditions, found predominantly in patients with pneumonia and bronchiolitis. There was an overall ALRI case-fatality of 7.8%, representing 8 deaths, in 3 of whom measles was a co-morbid condition. All the 8 deaths had a final diagnosis of pneumonia with or without other ALRI syndromes/associated complications. While subjects with complicating pleural effusion recorded the longest mean duration of hospitalisation, those with bronchiolitis had the shortest duration of hospitalisation and no death. The epidemiologic, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of our observations are discussed.
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PMID:Acute lower respiratory infections in hospitalised urban pre-school Nigerian children: a clinical overview. 762


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