Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

There are several protozoan infections that cause relatively benign illness in normal individuals but result in severe disease manifestations in patients with AIDS. These diseases include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, CNS toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, and isosporiasis. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) caused by Pneumocystis carinii, is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is seen in more than 80% of individuals with this syndrome. Although historically classified as a protozoan, this organism shares many biochemical characteristics with fungi. The onset of PCP may be insidious, and cough and dyspnea are the most common presenting symptoms. Auscultation of the lungs is often unremarkable, but diffuse infiltrates are commonly seen on chest radiographs. The diagnosis of PCP can be confirmed by identifying the organism on specimens obtained by sputum induction or bronchoalveolar lavage. Trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice but is unfortunately associated with leukopenia and rash in many individuals. Both trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole and aerosolized pentamidine are used prophylactically in patients at high risk for initial or relapsing infection. The appropriate use of these agents has resulted in improved survival for AIDS patients with PCP. Toxoplasmosis, due to Toxoplasma gondii, affects the central nervous system in patients with AIDS. Headache is a common presenting symptom, and both seizures and paresis can occur. A diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is strongly suspected in symptomatic individuals with ringed mass lesions noted on head CT. Patients with this condition are treated with a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid. Cryptosporidiosis and isosporiasis are coccidian protozoan diseases that can result in severe, acute, and chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidiosis is the more common of the two and is caused by an unknown species of the genus crytosporidium. Isosporiasis is due to infection with Isospora belli. Dehydration and weight loss are a common result of infection with either agent. A definitive diagnosis can be made by examining an acid fast stain of a diarrheal stool specimen and demonstrating oocysts that are specific for each of these organisms. Fluid replacement and general supportive care are essential in the treatment of both of these diseases. Spiramycin is an unproven treatment modality that is often used in patients with cryptosporidiosis. Isosporiasis responds to initial therapy with trimethaprim-sulfamethoxazole, followed by prophylaxis with pyrimethamine. The adoption of safe sexual practices that minimize fecal-oral contamination should decrease the future prevalence of these diseases and other enteric parasitic infections.
 ...
PMID:Parasitic diseases. Diseases associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 201 33

The seroprevalence, clinical epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation in adults, pregnancy women and children, diagnosis, impact and control strategies of AIDS in Africa are covered in this review. HIV-1, the causative virus in AIDS, is epidemic in a central Africa belt from Gabon to the east coast, and from Uganda to Zimbabwe, with the highest prevalence in the lakes and highlands of Central Africa. HIV-2 causes a milder disease in Western Africa centered in Senegal. HIV infections occur primarily in young adult men aged 30-34, women aged 20-24, infants and children under 4, and a few girls. Transmission patterns vary widely depending on sexual customs in the ethnically diverse continent. Prevalence tends to be high in cities and among subgroups such as prostitutes, where promiscuity is restricted. Where female sexual permissiveness exists, seropositivity is high in women generally. Besides sexual behavior, risk factors for HIV in Africa also include uncircumcised man, oral contraception, STDs causing genital ulceration and Chlamydia infection. Transmission to neonates occurs, especially if the mother has advanced AIDS, but transmission by breast milk is uncertain. Transmission by blood transfusion is common because transfusion are up to 10 times as common in Africa as in the West, especially in obstetrics and pediatrics. Clinically, HIV infections present as herpes zoster in 95% of Africans, and commonly as slim disease: weakness, fever, chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss of unknown cause. Associated infection are candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, tuberculosis and salmonellosis. Other presenting symptoms are unusual sites of lymphadenopathy, cough and sepsis. Diagnosis can be made by the WHO clinical case definition, or be screening tests, which are now more reliable for African patients than formerly. In Africa, AIDS can cause destitution and disgrace for families, and will probable severely affect progress made national economies because of deaths of young productive adults. Strategies for control of HIV in Africa are outlined.
 ...
PMID:AIDS in Africa. 218 39

A case of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in an eight-year-old boy is presented. The patient became ill during a visit to a farm where diarrhoea in newborn calves is a recurrent problem. Furthermore, on that farm kittens periodically suffer from diarrhoea and failure to thrive. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium sp. were identified in the stool of the patient, and in the stool of the cat he had contact with. At that time the calves were not infected. The patient's gastrointestinal symptomatology consisted of severe diarrhoea, vomiting, colics and moderate dehydration, and was preceded by coughing.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal cryptosporidiosis acquired from a cat. 236 71

During a 12-month period, feces from 780 persons from the Townsville region were evaluated by the Kinyoun acid-fast strain, and 36 (4.6%) immunocompetent patients were found to have Cryptosporidium oocysts. Twenty-five index cases were identified; 13 (8.6%) cases from 151 patients were from Palm Island, an isolated Aboriginal community in the wet tropics and 12 (1.9%) cases from 629 patients were from the dry tropics of Townsville. All 11 secondary cases were associated with a person-to-person outbreak in the nursery of a Townsville day-care centre. Infection occurred mainly in two distinct age groups: the under five-year-old (27 cases), and the 25 to 35-year-old (six cases). A prodrome of dry cough, rhinorrhea and vomiting often preceded symptoms of fever, weight loss, abdominal pain, persistent cough and vomiting, and acute diarrhea with frequent, non-bloodstained, watery, mucous stools. Although 13 patients were hospitalised because of their illness, the infection was self-limiting and all 36 patients recovered with symptomatic treatment. Cryptosporidium was the third most commonly identified enteric pathogen after Rotavirus and Giardia. Infection did not appear to depend on seasonal variation and no animal or environmental sources of infection were identified. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent persons is endemic and common in North Queensland and routine investigations for this parasite in symptomatic patients are warranted.
 ...
PMID:Human cryptosporidiosis in North Queensland. 326 49

Cryptosporidiosis, a zoonosis caused by Cryptosporidium species is a newly recognized coccidial protozoan infection causing diarrhoea in humans. Using a modified acid fast technique, the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) has been screening a 4% sample of diarrhoea patients attending the ICDDR,B diarrhoea treatment center for Cryptosporidium in their stools as a part of an ongoing surveillance program. Positive specimens were confirmed by the standard Giemsa method. Cryptosporidia were identified predominantly in young children and were associated with watery diarrhoea, vomiting, cough and mild to moderate dehydration. The protozoan had a seasonal pattern with an increase in the hot, humid weather. We conclude that Cryptosporidium infection is relatively common in children in Bangladesh and may be responsible for a significant proportion of diarrhoea in this area.
 ...
PMID:Cryptosporidium as a pathogen for diarrhoea in Bangladesh. 343 42

Respiratory cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in a 2-week-old peacock chick, whose symptoms were a gurgling respiration, coughing and sneezing, and a serous oculonasal discharge. Light microscopy detected cryptosporidial-like organisms attached to the surface of conjunctival, nasal-sinus, and tracheal-epithelial cells, and electron microscopy demonstrated stages typical of cryptosporidial trophozoites, schizonts, and oocysts. About 30 other in-contact peacock chicks also developed the same clinical symptoms, and all died despite treatment with oxytetracycline HCl at 200 ppm in the drinking water.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in a peacock chick. 744 41

A 33-year-old, HIV-1 positive, white, homosexual man was hospitalized in May, 1991, because of fever, cough, skin eruptions, anorexia, and weight loss during the previous 2 months. In October, 1990, he had traveled in Sumatra. On examination he was ill, tachypneic, normotensive with a temperature of 39.1 degrees Celsius. The spleen was substantially enlarged. Laboratory investigations showed: ALAT 72 U/I (normal 23 U/1), LDH 508 U/1 (normal 275 U/1). A bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage revealed yeast cells. Gastroscopy showed an ulcer in the hypopharynx and an erosion in the stomach. Biopsies of this ulcer demonstrated the presence of Penicillium marneffei. Biopsies of the liver showed the same organism. The patient was treated with amphotericin B induction therapy (1 dd 0.5 mg/kg for 21 days, total dose of 730 mg) in combination with flucytosine (3 dd 2500 mg, total dose 142 g in 19 days). In the following 2 weeks the temperature became normal, and the dyspnea and the skin eruptions disappeared, except for the mollusca contagiosa. The spleen diminished by 50%. LDH and ALAT became normal. Oral maintenance therapy followed with fluconazole (the first 3 months 400 mg daily, followed by 200 mg a day). 24 months later, no recurrence had been observed. Case 2 was a 28-year-old, HIV-infected, homosexual man, born in Suriname, who was hospitalized in October, 1991, with prolonged fever, dyspnea, and a painful throat. In March, 1991, he had traveled in rural Thailand. AIDS was diagnosed on the basis of cerebral toxoplasmosis in August, 1991. A biopsy of the ulcer in the oropharynx showed an active aspecific inflammation and also P. marneffei. Treatment with amphotericin B intravenously (0.5 mg/kg, total dose 1052 mg in 32 days) was commenced. The lesions in the oral cavity and throat, the lymph nodes, and the shortness of breath disappeared within a few days. Ten months later he died from emaciation caused by cryptosporidiosis.
 ...
PMID:Disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection as an imported disease in HIV-1 infected patients. Description of two cases and a review of the literature. 820 1

Five case of intestinal cryptosporidiosis with pulmonary involvement in patients with AIDS are reported. The diagnosis was based on the recognition of acid-fast oocysts in sputum or aspirated bronchial material and stool specimens. Coughing and excess secretions were present in all cases. Four patients had other associated pulmonary pathogens: two Mycobacterium tuberculosis, one Mycobacterium fortuitum and one Cytomegalovirus + Pneumocystis carinii; all of them had a previous (three cases) or simultaneous (one case) diagnosis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis, presenting with diarrhoea and vomiting. In the fifth patient Cryptosporidium was the only pulmonary pathogen found in a bronchial aspirate, and the onset of diarrhoea was 1 month after respiratory detection. Fifty-seven cases of respiratory cryptosporidiosis have been reported since 1980. In 17 of them, no other pathogen was found. Diarrhoea was present in 77% of the patients, cough in 77%, dyspnea in 58%, expectoration in 54%, fever in 45%, thoracic pain in 33%.
 ...
PMID:Respiratory cryptosporidiosis: case series and review of the literature. 892 43

During March and April 1993, a massive outbreak of Cryptosporidium infection resulted from contamination of the public water supply in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The health impact of this outbreak in HIV-infected persons was unknown but was perceived as severe. We surveyed HIV-infected persons who resided in the greater Milwaukee area to examine the acute health impact of cryptosporidiosis on this population. Data from a random-digit dialing survey in the general population residing in the same area were used for comparison. The attack rate of watery diarrhea suggestive of cryptosporidiosis was lower in HIV-infected persons (32%) than in the general population (51%). There was no significant difference in attack rate in HIV-infected persons based on CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. In persons with watery diarrhea, HIV-infected persons were more likely to experience cough (42%), fever (52%), and dehydration (55%). In HIV-infected persons with watery diarrhea, persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts <200/microl had longer duration of diarrhea and were more likely to seek medical attention and be hospitalized. During this massive waterborne outbreak, HIV-infected persons were not more likely to experience symptomatic Cryptosporidium infection than the general population. However, once infected, the duration and severity of illness was greater in HIV-infected persons, especially if the CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was <200/microl.
 ...
PMID:Clinical and epidemiologic features of a massive waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in persons with HIV infection. 942 Mar 16

An outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) game farm is described. Morbidity (diarrhoea and cough) was between 60% and 70% during the first weeks of life (4 to 25 days) and mortality was higher than 50%. The results of bacteriological and virological analyses were negative. Histological examination and antigenic diagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in respiratory and intestinal tracts. The application of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques and sequencing of a Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene fragment confirmed the existence of Cryptosporidium meleagridis in faecal samples. The results obtained suggest that avian cryptosporidiosis should be included among respiratory and enteric diseases routinely tested for in farmed birds.
 ...
PMID:An outbreak of disease associated with cryptosporidia on a red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) game farm. 1762 Jan 72


1 2 Next >>