Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The case of a 10.5-year-old girl, who was diagnosed with a case of thalassemia major at the age of 8 months and had been on regular blood transfusions since then, is related. Donor screening for HIV was started in mid-1988, thus she had received unscreened blood for a number of years. In February 1991, she presented with a dry persistent cough, moderate grade continuous fever, and breathlessness on exertion for over 2 weeks. Chest X-ray showed bilateral infiltrations. She was put on penicillin and chloramphenicol with a provisional diagnosis of bronchopneumonia. In March 1991, she had to be hospitalized for impending respiratory failure. After treatment with intravenous fluids and parenteral antimicrobials, her condition stabilized and she was discharged. In April 1991, she was readmitted because of complaints of difficulty in swallowing and weight loss. Her chest signs had persisted and she had developed oropharyngeal candidiasis with ulcerations. She also had alopecia, a generalized lymphadenopathy, digital clubbing, and bilateral parotid enlargement. Candidiasis responded to vigorous therapy with clotrimazole. Fine needle aspiration of lymph node showed a reactive hyperplasia. HIV antibodies were detected in the serum with ELISA and confirmed by Western blot. Immunologic tests showed evidence of severe immunodeficiency. The Multitest CMI, which simultaneously tests delayed skin hypersensitivity to seven common recall antigens, was totally nonreactive. She was classified as having AIDS according to World Health Organization criteria for children under 13 years of age. The diagnosis of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) was also made based on the symptoms. Oral prednisolone was given 2 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses for a month. The cough and dyspnea showed great improvement and the parotid swellings disappeared; lymphadenopathy, clubbing, and alopecia, however, persisted. The child was kept on maintenance therapy of prednisolone and on alternate day co-trimoxazole for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii infection.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP) in a multi transfused child with thalassemia major. 129 97

In 1990, among pregnant women .1% tested positive for HIV antibodies in Amsterdam compared to 24.5% in Lusaka, Zambia. During 1990 and 1991 data were collected from 231 patients fulfilling the WHO clinical criteria for the diagnosis of AIDS in 3 hospitals of Sesheke, a rural Zambian district. 46.3% of the group was male and 53.7% was female, and the mean age of women was significantly lower than that of men (25.2 vs. 31.1 years, p 0.001). A total of 185 patients could be tested for HIV-1 antibodies using ELISA-Welcozyme and HIVCECK-Du Pont. There were 141 (81.6%) positive results, 19 (10.3%) negative results, and in 15 (8.1%) cases the outcome was not clear. Seroprevalence figures for HIV-1 in the same period were 16% for blood donors and 41% for patients attending the clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Most patients with AIDS in Sesheke district present with a wasting syndrome, and in these cases, tuberculosis (TB), whose incidence has increased dramatically, has to be excluded. Loss of more than 10% of body weight was the most common symptom followed by chronic cough lasting for more than 1 month, fever persisting for more than 1 month, and chronic diarrhea lasting for more than 1 more. Chronic coughing was more frequent among adults than among children (P 0.001). Weight loss, chronic diarrhea, persistent coughing, generalized lymphadenopathy, generalized dermatitis, and oropharyngeal candidiasis occurred among both adults and children equally often. Only 4 patients (18%) and extrapulmonary TB in 10 patients (4%). In the district there was no registration system for the dead and the follow-up of AIDS patients were not organized well, but as of January 1, 1992, from hospital records it was established that 74 patients out of the 231 studied were decreased. The outlook for the population in Sesheke and Zambia is dim in light of the current high seroprevalence rate.
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PMID:[AIDS in a Zambian district]. 147 Feb 44

The authors report a case presenting highly complex symptomatology. In fact, when the patient came under observation he had had a cough, dyspnea, dysphagia and dysphonia for approximately three months. The biopsy, taken by direct laryngoscopy, indicated the presence of candidiasis in the subglottic and tracheal areas. Laboratory tests indicated complete anergy and patient tested serum positive to HIV. During hospitalization acute dyspnea arose requiring emergency tracheostomy.
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PMID:[Acute respiratory obstruction caused by laryngo-tracheal candidiasis in a HIV-positive patient]. 209 10

The seroprevalence, clinical epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical presentation in adults, pregnancy women and children, diagnosis, impact and control strategies of AIDS in Africa are covered in this review. HIV-1, the causative virus in AIDS, is epidemic in a central Africa belt from Gabon to the east coast, and from Uganda to Zimbabwe, with the highest prevalence in the lakes and highlands of Central Africa. HIV-2 causes a milder disease in Western Africa centered in Senegal. HIV infections occur primarily in young adult men aged 30-34, women aged 20-24, infants and children under 4, and a few girls. Transmission patterns vary widely depending on sexual customs in the ethnically diverse continent. Prevalence tends to be high in cities and among subgroups such as prostitutes, where promiscuity is restricted. Where female sexual permissiveness exists, seropositivity is high in women generally. Besides sexual behavior, risk factors for HIV in Africa also include uncircumcised man, oral contraception, STDs causing genital ulceration and Chlamydia infection. Transmission to neonates occurs, especially if the mother has advanced AIDS, but transmission by breast milk is uncertain. Transmission by blood transfusion is common because transfusion are up to 10 times as common in Africa as in the West, especially in obstetrics and pediatrics. Clinically, HIV infections present as herpes zoster in 95% of Africans, and commonly as slim disease: weakness, fever, chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss of unknown cause. Associated infection are candidiasis, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, tuberculosis and salmonellosis. Other presenting symptoms are unusual sites of lymphadenopathy, cough and sepsis. Diagnosis can be made by the WHO clinical case definition, or be screening tests, which are now more reliable for African patients than formerly. In Africa, AIDS can cause destitution and disgrace for families, and will probable severely affect progress made national economies because of deaths of young productive adults. Strategies for control of HIV in Africa are outlined.
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PMID:AIDS in Africa. 218 39

The dose-response effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) and budesonide (BUD) administered b.i.d. with the aid of metered dose aerosols were studied in 128 patients (67 men and 61 women, mean age 53 years) suffering from asthma bronchiale. The study was designed as a multi-centre, double-blind, four-period cross-over study, followed by a single-blind double placebo period. BDP was administered in doses of 400 and 1000 micrograms, and BUD in doses of 400 and 800 micrograms. The results in terms of peak expiratory flow (PEF) in the morning and evening, daily symptoms score and use of inhaled beta 2-agonists did not reveal any clinically significant differences between the drugs or between high (800 micrograms BUD, 1000 micrograms BDP) and low (400 micrograms BUD/BDP) doses. However, statistically significant differences were recorded for the corresponding parameters when comparing the placebo with preceding steroid periods. Adverse effects consisting mainly of oropharyngeal candidiasis, hoarseness and cough occurred in 54 of 468 treatment months (12%). The carry-over effects of inhaled steroids are longer lasting than was previously assumed.
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PMID:Comparison of dose-response effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide in the management of asthma. 266 54

The first case of AIDS positively identified in a non-foreigner in Taiwan was a 25-year-old unmarried male who had practiced homosexuality for ten years. The patient began to have abdominal pain accompanied with loose stools and weight loss in June 1985, followed by fever, cough, headache, dizziness, and loss of memory. Facial hyperpigmentation and extensive oroesophageal candidiasis were noted. Laboratory studies showed severe lymphopenia with a reversed T-helper to T-suppressor ratio, cutaneous anergy and polyclonal gammopathy. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies were positive by ELISA and Western blot, and the virus was isolated from the blood. At autopsy, disseminated cytomegalovirus infection, extensive CNS toxoplasmosis and early lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma were demonstrated. The detection of HIV in the adrenal medulla supports the consensus that the virus is neurotropic.
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PMID:An autopsy-proved case of AIDS in Taiwan. 330 20

We report a 35-year-old HIV-1-positive man who presented with severe dyspnea and a nonproductive cough. Three fiberoptic bronchoscopic examination revealed an infiltrating and vegetating tracheal mass that was diagnosed as necrotizing candidiasis of the trachea. The lesion resulted in the formation of a tracheoesophageal fistula that eventually led to the death of the patient. Postmortem examination showed cytomegalovirus vasculitis in the esophageal wall.
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PMID:Tracheoesophageal fistula in an HIV-1-positive man due to dual infection of Candida albicans and cytomegalovirus. 802 Feb 87

Pregnancy is associated with special problems with respect in selection of medication and dosage, primarily due to potential teratogenic or toxic effects on the fetus by the drug itself, and secondly due to the physiologic adjustments in the mother in response to pregnancy. This prospective survey was designed to record the use of medications and the policy of prescribing during the course of pregnancy. In total, 5851 pregnant women residing in a county in southwestern Finland during the period June 15, 1987 and June 14, 1988 were studied, which is 69% of the total amount of births in the same area. Iron and vitamin supplementation was used by all the pregnant women during the third trimester, and by 35% and 88% during the first and second trimesters, respectively. Analgetics were used on an irregular basis by 12% of the pregnant women, and no correlation to the length of pregnancy could be observed. 9% of the women used medication on a regular basis for reasons such as bronchial asthma, arterial hypertension and hyperthyreosis. Some kind of a symptomatic medication was taken by 43% of the women with no correlation of the length of pregnancy, the most common symptoms needing medication being candidiasis, cough, reflux esophagitis and pregnancy-associated hyperemesis. Tocolytic agents had been given to 8% of the pregnant women. Most tocolytics were used during the end of the second trimester and beginning of the third one. It is concluded that the general use of medicines is quite reasonable in the normal pregnant population in Finland. Iron supplementation should probably be more individualized instead of regular use.
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PMID:Use of medication during pregnancy--a prospective cohort study on use and policy of prescribing. 809 81

In June 1993, in Taiwan, a woman admitted to a local hospital with cough, fever, chills, and difficult breathing who tested positive for HIV-1 infection was transferred to Taipei Veterans General Hospital. In January 1985, at a provincial hospital, then 46 years old, she underwent an anterior total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy during which she received two units of whole blood. One of the blood donors was an AIDS patient who had been treated at the same hospital in 1991 and who had died in 1993. In the interim between hospitalizations, she had two episodes of herpes zoster infection, including oral ulcers diagnosed as herpetic gingivostomatitis, and an episode of oral candidiasis. Physicians at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital diagnosed oral candidiasis, herpes simplex type 1 virus infection forming ulcers on her lips, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in June 1993. Her CD4 count was 0 and her CD8 count was 20%. Treatment consisted of intravenous (IV) trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and oral zidovudine, fluconazole, and acyclovir. She continued this medication after discharge in August 1993. She was readmitted to Taipei Veterans General Hospital in February 1994 for blurred vision. She was diagnosed with cytomegalovirus retinitis. Her CD4 count was up to 1% and her CD8 count was down to 8%. The candidiasis infection had extended from her oral cavity to the esophageal mucosa. She was put on IV ganciclovir, TMP/SMX, and fluconazole. She was discharged 3 weeks after admission. Her condition deteriorated thereafter, resulting in her death in August 1994. Up until this study, this HIV/AIDS case was listed with 79 other HIV/AIDS patients as unknown cause. During the 8 years between HIV exposure and her diagnosis of AIDS, she had unprotected sexual intercourse with her husband. Neither the husband nor any of her four children have AIDS. Screening for HIV-1 in Taiwan began in January 1988. The authors urgently recommend that anyone who received a blood transfusion between 1984 and 1987 in Taiwan and who currently suffers repeated episodes of opportunistic infections undergo an HIV-1 blood test.
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PMID:Transfusion-acquired AIDS in Taiwan. 864 96

In Zimbabwe, researchers analyzed data on blood samples collected from 627 adult patients at least 14 years old at all hospitals in the 7 districts of Masvingo Province during June 1990-December 1992 to reexamine the criteria for diagnosis of HIV infection in hopes of improving the Zimbabwe Adult AIDS case definition. This case definition is: an illness characterized by at least 2 major signs and 1 minor sign provided serologic tests for HIV are positive (major signs: weight loss 10% of body weight, chronic diarrhea for 1 month, and fever for 1 month; minor signs: cough 1 month, general pruritic dermatitis, recurrent Herpes zoster, oropharyngeal candidates, chronic progressive and disseminated Herpes simplex infection, and generalized lymphadenopathy). 79.1% tested positive for HIV infection. 271 of all adult patients had signs and symptoms that met the criterion for diagnosis of HIV infection. 97.1% of them actually had HIV infection. The specificity for this criterion was 93.9%, but its sensitivity was 53%, suggesting a high ability of clinicians to identify HIV positive patients but low ability to correctly exclude HIV infection. The positive predictive value was higher than that in Uganda (97% vs. 74%). The symptom with the highest positive predictive value and the highest sensitivity value was weight loss greater than 10% of body weight (98.9% vs. 2-71.9% and 74.6% vs. 1.5-57.4%, respectively). Candidiasis and chronic diarrhea had the highest specificity values (86.3% and 85.4%, respectively, vs. 26.4-80.9%). In conclusion, the criterion for diagnosis of HIV infection in Zimbabwe is very specific but rather insensitive at identifying HIV positive patients.
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PMID:Retrospective study on the criteria for diagnosis of HIV infection in adults in Zimbabwe. 877 33


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