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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred and three hospitalised urban pre-school Nigerian children aged 2 weeks to 4 years with various acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI), were studied prospectively over a 9- month period (August 1985 - April 1986). Overlapping seasonal peaks, corresponding to the rainy/early harmattan months of August through November were most noticeable for the two major viral ALRI syndromes namely, bronchiolitis and croup. The overall M:F ratio was 1.1:1, but a corresponding ratio of 1.6:1 was recorded in the infants. The commonest ALRI symptoms were cough, breathlessness and fever while chest wall retraction, nasal flaring, tachypnoea and auscultatory crepitations were the most frequently recognised physical findings. Grunting respiration was recognised in 26 patients, majority of whom had pleural effusion and/or severe bronchopneumonia. Bronchopneumonia was the single commonest ALRI diagnosis, recorded alone or in combination with another lower respiratory syndrome, in 64 (61.2%) of the 103 cases. The croup:bronchiolitis: pneumonia ratio was 1:2.3:8.3. Nasopharyngitis was recorded in 42 (40.7%) of cases, and was frequently associated with the presumably viral ALRI syndromes of croup and bronchiolitis. Pleural effusion, frequently purulent, was the commonest respiratory complication, while heart failure and anaemia were the most frequently recognised associated conditions, found predominantly in patients with pneumonia and bronchiolitis. There was an overall ALRI case-fatality of 7.8%, representing 8 deaths, in 3 of whom measles was a co-morbid condition. All the 8 deaths had a final diagnosis of pneumonia with or without other ALRI syndromes/associated complications. While subjects with complicating pleural effusion recorded the longest mean duration of hospitalisation, those with bronchiolitis had the shortest duration of hospitalisation and no death. The epidemiologic, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of our observations are discussed.
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PMID:Acute lower respiratory infections in hospitalised urban pre-school Nigerian children: a clinical overview. 762

The dilemma of private practitioners is whether to prescribe or not to prescribe iron supplements on suspicion of anaemia. This cross sectional study was done in an urban squatter settlement with a primary health care centre to assess the significance of symptoms and a history of associated diseases in the diagnosis of anaemia. A total of 321 children were sampled from 1800 children < 5 years of age in a population of 11,000, by systematic random sampling. Mothers were asked about the presence of assumed associated symptoms and diseases which were listlessness, irritability, anaemia, pica, poor weight gain, diarrhoea, acute respiratory infection and malaria in last 3 months. There was significant association between anaemia (Hb < 11 gms%) and irriability (P < .02), anorexia for solid foods (P < .04), pica (P < .001), episode of diarrhoea (P < .001) and poor weight gain (P < .006). There was no significant association between malaria, cold, cough and anaemia. Children with these symptoms complex should receive iron supplements.
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PMID:Anaemia in children: Part II. Should primary health care providers prescribe iron supplements by the observation and presence of assumed symptoms? 786 85

We studied the usefulness of percutaneous instillation of antifungal agents for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma. The subjects were six patients, four males and two females, with a mean age of 69 years (range, 45 to 90 years). In all cases, radiography revealed a fungus ball or thickened cavity wall in residual tuberculous cavities. The patients had clinical symptoms including hemoptysis, fever, cough and sputum, and most of them showed severe emaciation, anemia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoxia. Miconazole or fluconazole was instilled through an indwelling catheter inserted percutaneously into the cavity from the anterior chest wall or parascapular region under fluoroscopic observation. After treatment with a total dose of 610 to 2070 mg over a period of 6 to 18 weeks, clinical symptoms were diminished in all patients and radiographic findings were improved in five. Furthermore, Aspergillus fumigatus, which had been isolated from sputum samples of three patients, was eradicated. According to evaluation of the overall therapeutic effects, this therapy was considered to be effective in five patients, giving an efficacy rate of 83%. No recurrence has been detected in six patients during a mean follow-up of 13 months after treatment. Since percutaneous instillation involves less pain and stress than other kinds of
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PMID:[Usefulness of percutaneous instillation of antifungal agents for pulmonary aspergilloma]. 788 95

Posttransplant erythrocytosis (PTE) represents a common complication in allograft recipients with normal renal function. Although the pathogenesis is not completely known, an alteration in the regulation of erythropoietin production by native kidneys or by renal allograft have been implicated as the main causes. Traditional therapies include repeated phlebotomies, bilateral native nephrectomies, and anticoagulant therapy. Recently, theophylline has been proposed as an effective therapy, although without general acceptance. Also, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been involved in the development of anemia in chronic renal failure and dialysis patients. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the efficacy of captopril on long-term treatment of PTE. Nineteen renal allograft recipients affected with severe PTE were included in the study. All patients had their native kidneys and none had a renal tumor or hydronephrosis. Restrictive criteria for PTE were applied to all patients and other causes of erythrocytosis were rationally excluded. Captopril was administered at a dose of 25 mg/24 hr (12.5 mg b.i.d.) during 12 months and no change on the initial dose was made during follow-up. After 3 months of captopril therapy and during the study period, significant reductions in hematocrit (P < 0.001), hemoglobin (P < 0.001), and RBC count (P < 0.001) were obtained in all patients. Erythropoietin levels decreased significantly during the study period, although the values were within the normal range of our laboratory. Captopril was well tolerated and only 1 patient had to be withdrawn from the drug because of dry cough. The present study has shown that captopril, at a low dose, represents a safe and effective therapy for PTE, without remarkable side effects or graft dysfunction. Long-term treatment with captopril in PTE did not induce anemia.
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PMID:Efficacy of captopril on posttransplant erythrocytosis. Long-term follow-up. 805 53

An 8-year-old girl was admitted because of high fever and cough for seven days. The physical examination on admission revealed diffuse moist rales over the left lung field. Her high fever persisted, and she subsequently developed hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, skin rashes, subconjunctival hemorrhage, diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, abnormal liver function, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia. A bone marrow study revealed increased numbers of macrophages with apparent hemophagocytosis. She developed respiratory failure and required artificial ventilation, but finally died despite resuscitative efforts. Serology for EB virus initially revealed negative findings, but on the 24th day after admission, showed IgG antibody to viral capsid antigen 320x (+), and IgM antibody to viral capsid antigen (+). This is a very unusual case of fatal EB virus pneumonia associated with hemophagocytic syndrome.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus pneumonia associated with hemophagocytic syndrome: report of one case. 808 55

A total of 4676 patients and 1759 patients were treated with lisinopril and nifedipine respectively in a post-marketing surveillance study conducted in general practice in the UK. Patients were followed up for 12 months. Most of the lisinopril patients had hypertension, but a small number (180) had heart failure. Most of the nifedipine patients had uncomplicated hypertension, but some (22.57%) had other cardiovascular disease with or without hypertension. Lisinopril and nifedipine were equally effective in reducing blood pressure. During the study, 1.5% of hypertensive patients assigned to lisinopril died compared with 1.8% of patients assigned to nifedipine, and 15.1% of lisinopril patients compared with 19.7% of patients in the nifedipine group withdrew because of adverse events. Cough, malaise and fatigue, nausea and vomiting were more frequent causes of withdrawal from lisinopril than nifedipine. Conversely, headaches, pallor and flushing, oedema and palpitations caused more frequent withdrawals from nifedipine. Anaemia was more often encountered on nifedipine treatment than on lisinopril. In hypertensive patients, the frequency of first-dose hypotension was similar on both treatments. Serious events occurred in 0.8% and 0.5% of patients given lisinopril and nifedipine respectively. Lisinopril was well tolerated by heart failure patients: 16 patients (8.88%) died and an incidence of 4.44% of serious adverse events was reported, a pattern to be anticipated in such patients; dizziness, giddiness, dyspnoea, cough, nausea and vomiting were the most frequent causes of withdrawal; the incidence of first-dose hypotension was low (2.22%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Post-marketing surveillance of lisinopril in general practice in the UK. 811 50

The results of clinical and radiographic examinations of 15 dogs with confirmed malignant histiocytosis (MH) were reviewed. The most common clinical signs were anorexia (14 dogs), weight loss (13 dogs), lethargy (13 dogs), anaemia (11 dogs), and dyspnoea and/or coughing (8 dogs). Radiographs revealed abnormalities in all dogs, either intrathoracic (pulmonary nodules or consolidation [7 dogs], mediastinal masses [10 dogs], and incidentally pleural effusion [3 dogs]) or abdominal (hepatomegaly [6 dogs] and splenomegaly [2 dogs]), or both. MH occurs relatively frequently in Bernese Mountain dogs. Both clinical and radiographic signs are non-specific, but when they are present in a middle-aged Bernese Mountain dog, MH should be included in the differential diagnosis.
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PMID:Clinical and radiographic manifestations of canine malignant histiocytosis. 826 26

The eighties were characterized by the introduction of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and calcium channel blockers (CCB) in the treatment of arterial hypertension. The present study investigates the side effects of antihypertensive drugs in the Toulouse University Hospital (France) between 1981 and 1990. Most of the side effects involved ACEI (45%), CCB (22%) and diuretics (18%). Central antihypertensive agents and beta-blocking drugs were involved in 8 and 9% of side effects respectively. During these 10 years, 197 side effects were reported in our hospital (3300 beds). Some of them were found more frequently: renal insufficiency (15%) or cough (9%) with ACEI, constipation (3%), gingivitis (1%) or lower limb oedema (4.5%) with CCB, hemolytic or autoimmune anemia (2.5%) and confusional state (1.5%) with central antihypertensive agents, nightmares (1.5%) with propranolol. The most frequently side effects were dermatological (20%), hydroelectrolytic (10%) and neuropsychiatric (9.6%) disturbances. In spite of the methodological problems of this kind of study (retrospective evaluation, under-notification of the side effects and different scores of imputability), these data indicate the most frequently observed side effects of antihypertensive agents during the eighties. It allows to estimate an approximate frequency of these side effects: among the antihypertensive drugs, CCB and diuretics seems the less frequently involved in the occurrence of reported side effects.
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PMID:[Evaluation of ten years of pharmacovigilance of antihypertensive drugs in the Toulouse University Regional Hospital Center (1981-1990)]. 835 83

Lidocaine-induced seizures have been reported after topical administration. A 30-year-old, 48-kg women with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, chronic end-stage renal failure, anemia, congestive heart failure (CHF), cardiomyopathy, and increased liver function tests was admitted to the hospital with fever, chills, and dry cough. Bronchoscopy was performed to rule out Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis; the patient experienced seizure activity after administration of a total dose of topical lidocaine 300 mg. Plasma drug concentration measured shortly after seizure, and at 4 and 22 hours after seizure were 12.0, 7.6, and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. A direct correlation exists between clinical symptoms and blood level of lidocaine; as the level increases to 8-12 mg/L the probability of seizure increases. The extent of absorption and bioavailability after airway administration depends on tissue vascularity, sites and techniques of application, patient's disease state, and, most important, the dose/unit body weight. The lidocaine dose should be titrated slowly and patients monitored for altered mental status. The dose often has to be decreased empirically in patients with liver disease or CHF. Efforts should be made to deliver minimum amounts of the drug to the lower respiratory tract, since its pharmacokinetics at that site are similar to those with intravenous administration.
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PMID:Seizure after lidocaine for bronchoscopy: case report and review of the use of lidocaine in airway anesthesia. 843 71

The medical records of five dogs diagnosed with infectious pericardial effusion were reviewed. Clinical signs included anorexia, depression, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, collapse, coughing, and vomiting. Anemia and leukocytosis were present in three dogs. Grass awn migration was confirmed as the cause of the pericardial effusion in two dogs and suspected in the other three. Surgery, followed by continuous chest drainage, and appropriate antibiotic therapy was the treatment in four dogs. Chest drains were removed within 4 days of surgery. One dog did not have chest drainage after surgery. Antibiotic treatment was continued for up to 6 months. The dogs were monitored postsurgically for a period ranging from 3 to 24 months. All dogs recovered well without apparent complications.
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PMID:Infectious pericardial effusion in five dogs. 858 48


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