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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between January 1992 and December 1998 we collected clinical, epidemiological and treatment data on all patients diagnosed of tuberculosis in our specialized unit. Five hundred sixty-seven patients (70% male and 30% female) were studied prospectively. The rate of new cases increased until 1995 and decreased during the last three years of study. Mean patient age was 38.8 years, with nearly 64% of patients under 45 years of age. Predisposing disease, mainly chronic alcoholism, was present in 36%. Fifteen percent belonged to a high-risk social group (6.5% were drug addicts and 6.3% lived inside secure institutions). The mean time elapsing from the appearance of symptoms until referral to our service was 80.4 days and the most common clinical picture at presentation was general unwellness with cough and expectoration (46%) followed by hemoptysis (18%). Cavitation was visible in 48.5% of x-rays, while alveolar infiltrates were seen in 33%, pleural effusion in 12% and lymph node involvement in 10%. Adult tuberculosis was diagnosed in 80% of cases, 10% were reactivations and 9% were primary. Bacteriological diagnosis was available for 85%. Therapy usually involved six months with hydrazide, rifampicin and pyrazinamide (81%). Therapy was generally well-tolerated, although analyses revealed some anomalies, such as transaminase alteration (18%) and hyperuricemia (19%). Therapy was changed because of toxicity in only 2.6%. Follow-up after therapy was strict and the rate of successful cure was 97.5%. We conclude that diagnosis was not prompt enough and believe that knowledge of epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary data, as well as monitoring of real rates of cure of treated patients justifies the existence of specialized centers for managing tuberculosis.
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PMID:[Tuberculosis management unit: 7-year experience]. 1084 2

Our objective was to describe incidence, clinical, radiographic and microbiological features of bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (BPP) in our environment. A total of 101 patients (7 were treated as outpatients), older than 18 years of age suffering BPP were prospectively evaluated. The incidence was 2.8 cases per 1000 admissions, 50 were males, mean age was 59.9 years (19-97), mortality was 11.8%. Eighty three percent of fatalities occurred within 3 days of admission. Mortality rate increased with advancing age. Fever, cough and chest pain were the commonest presenting symptoms and 44% of patients had extrapulmonary manifestations. Cigarette smoking, chronic obstructive lung disease, alcoholism and congestive heart failure (CHF) were the commonest underlying conditions. CHF was more frequent in non-survivors (p = 0.002). A lobar pattern at chest radiograph predominated in survivors and a diffuse pattern in non-survivors (p = 0.007). Pleural effusion (20.7%), empyema (7.9%) and respiratory failure (7.9%) were the main complications. Underlying diseases were present in 100% of non-survivors (p = 0.03). Ninety four percent of patients were treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from sputum in 6 cases. Three out of 101 S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from blood samples (one from each patient) presented organisms resistant to penicillin. We observed an incidence of BPP that is similar to the observed in other countries. There are clinical and radiographic differences between survivors and non-survivors. Penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae is still an unusual problem in our area.
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PMID:Adult bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia acquired in the community. A prospective study on 101 patients. 1267 54

We investigated whether 52 same-sex sibling pairs discordant for ever-smoking differed on psychiatric cofactors, alcohol and caffeine use, and responses to initial exposure to smoking. Ever-smokers scored significantly higher on measures of novelty seeking, depression, and childhood ADHD, and on alcohol dependence, alcohol intake, and caffeine intake. They reported significantly more pleasurable experiences, dizziness, "buzz," and relaxation upon initial exposure to smoking and significantly fewer displeasurable sensations, nausea, and cough than did nicotine-exposed, never-smoking siblings. Ever-smokers had significantly fewer years of education than their never-smoking siblings, suggesting that the concentration of smokers in lower socioeconomic strata may be partly due to downward mobility among smokers, possibly because of the observed elevation in psychiatric cofactors, which may interfere with academic performance. These findings are consistent with differences previously identified in unrelated ever- and never-smokers. Because same-sex siblings typically share a large set of common environments during childhood, our findings could be due either to genetic differences among siblings and/or (excepting educational level and responses to early exposure) to differences in adult environments.
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PMID:Heterogeneity in phenotypes based on smoking status in the Great Lakes Smoker Sibling Registry. 1553 Jul 28

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the oldest known diseases and has claimed more lives than any other Today, about one-third of the world's population is infected with TB. In 2003, 1,379 cases of new, active and relapsed TB were reported in Canada. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Only 10 per cent of infected individuals will develop active TB. Pulmonary TB can be spread by an infectious person through the aerosolization of droplets when coughing, talking, spitting, sneezing or singing. Symptoms of pulmonary TB are a cough with or without sputum production lasting at least three weeks, chest pain, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, weight loss, lack of appetite, chills and weakness. Extrapulmonary TB is generally not associated with person-to-person spread. Common sites include the throat, lymph nodes, abdomen, intestines, long bones of the legs, spine, kidneys, bladder, skin, eyes and meninges. The risk factors for TB infection and disease include close contact with an active pulmonary TB case, HIV infection or AIDS, inactive disease not adequately treated, low income, underlying medical condition, homelessness, alcoholism, injection drug use, aboriginal background or occupation in health care. Risk settings include travel or residence in an endemic area or work or residence in a correctional facility, shelter, rooming house, residential facility, hospital or long-term care facility. Nurses need to advocate for the prompt diagnosis and isolation of suspected and confirmed TB cases. Knowing when to institute such measures as isolation in a negative pressure room, using respirator masks and limiting interpersonal contacts is vital to the nursing care of TB patients. In addition, the role of the public health department needs to be understood; for example, all jurisdictions have legislated requirements for reporting new positive TB skin tests to public health.
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PMID:Tuberculosis prevention and treatment. 1562 10

A 55-year-old man presented to his primary care provider after a two-week history of worsening cough. He was admitted to the hospital and treated for community acquired pneumonia due to progression of symptoms and an abnormal chest radiograph. Chest computerized tomography demonstrated a large consolidation in the right upper lobe with areas of cavitation consistent with necrosis. Blood and sputum cultures were obtained, and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with pulmonary Salmonella typhimurium infection. The organism was isolated from a sputum specimen only. The patient had a history of chronic alcoholism, bronchitis, and esophageal dysmotility but no evidence of severe immunosuppression or malignancy. The patient responded well to antibiotic therapy with both symptomatic and radiologic improvement. As pulmonary Salmonella infection is exceedingly rare in the immunocompetent patient, a review of the literature is presented.
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PMID:Salmonella typhimurium pulmonary infection in an immunocompetent patient. 1861 Jul 17

Besides Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a number of other Mycobacterium species are also occasional human pathogens. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium kansasii is particularly prevalent in AIDS patients as compared to the normal population. A cross-sectional study was carried out during January 2004 to August 2005 in 100 HIV-infected persons visiting Tribhuvan University, Teaching Hospital, and about a dozen of HIV/AIDS care centers of Kathmandu with the objectives to characterize the different mycobacterial species in HIV/AIDS patients. Three sputum specimens from each person were used to investigate tuberculosis by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture and identification tests. Among the 100 HIV-infected cases, 66 (66%) were males and 34 (34%) were females. Sixty percent of the cases were in the age group of 21-30 years. Mycobacteria were detected in 23 (23%) HIV cases of which 15 (65.2%) were in the age group of 21-30 years ; 17(74%) were males and 6 (26 %) were females. Among 23 co-infected cases, 22 were culture positive for mycobacteria. Among these, the predominant one was Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 9 (41%), followed by M. tuberculosis, 6 (27%), M .kansasii, 4 (18%), M. fortuitum, 2 (10%) and M. chelonae 1 (4%). Significant relationship was established between smoking/alcoholism and the subsequent development of tuberculosis (chi(2)=7.24, p<0.05 for smoking habit and chi(2)=4.39, p<0.05 for alcoholism). Fourteen (61%) co-infected cases presented with weight loss and cough whereas diarrhea was presented only by those patients with atypical mycobacterial co-infection, which was as high as 5 (56%) in patients with MAC co-infection. This study demonstrated the predominance of atypical mycobacteria, mainly MAC, in HIV/AIDS cases and most of them were from sputum smear-negative cases.
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PMID:Characterization of mycobacteria in HIV/AIDS patients of Nepal. 1855 87

Carious and periodontal disease is strongly associated with pulmonary infections. Aspiration pneumonia often develops lung abscess and/or empyema, and sometimes leads to death in elderly patients. It is often repeatedly seen in most of elderly patients, which leads to general weakness, prolonged bed rest, and several complications. There are two pathophysiological factors for aspiration pneumonia. One is due to odontogenic infections: aspirated oral microorganisms reach pulmonary alveoli, grow, and develop their pathogenicity. The other is host factors: alcoholism, diabetes, or bedridden status reduces cough reflex, airway clearance, and functions of phagocytes. The prevention of aspiration pneumonia is significant from medical, social, and economical viewpoints, although the main management of pneumonia is antimicrobial chemotherapy. "Oral care" has recently been of interest as a control means for odontogenic infections and aspiration pneumonia. A dental hygienist and speech therapists in our hospital have implemented active intervention in oral care of patients with risk of aspiration pneumonia, which has made considerable achievements.
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PMID:[Effects and management of odontogenic infections on pulmonary infections]. 1995 22

The aim of our study was to obtain comprehensive insight into the bacteriological and clinical profile of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. The patient population consisted of 100 patients admitted with the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), as defined by British Thoracic society, from December 1998 to Dec 2000, at the Sher- i-Kashmir institute of Medical Sciences Soura, Srinagar, India. Gram negative organisms were the commonest cause (19/29), followed by gram positive (10/29). In 71 cases no etiological cause was obtained. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest pathogen (10/29), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (7/29), Escherichia coli (6/29), Klebsiella spp. (3/29), Streptococcus pyogenes (1/29), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1/29) and Acinetobacter spp. (1/29). Sputum was the most common etiological source of organism isolation (26) followed by blood (6), pleural fluid (3), and pus culture (1). Maximum number of patients presented with cough (99%), fever (95%), tachycardia (92%), pleuritic chest pain (75%), sputum production (65%) and leucocytosis (43%). The commonest predisposing factors were smoking (65%), COPD (57%), structural lung disease (21%), diabetes mellitus (13%), and decreased level of consciousness following seizure (eight per cent) and chronic alcoholism (one per cent). Fourteen patients, of whom, nine were males and five females, died. Staphylococcus aureus was the causative organism in four, Pseudomonas in two, Klebsiella in one, and no organism was isolated in seven cases. The factors predicting mortality at admission were - age over 62 years, history of COPD or smoking, hypotension, altered sensorium, respiratory failure, leucocytosis, and staphylococcus pneumonia and undetermined etiology. The overall rate of identification of microbial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia was 29%, which is very low, and if serological tests for legionella, mycoplasma and viruses are performed the diagnostic yield would definitely be better. This emphasizes the need for further studies (including the serological tests for Legionella, mycoplasma and viruses) to identify the microbial etiology of CAP.
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PMID:Bacteriological and clinical profile of Community acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. 2061 35

A number of diseases may cause right atrial mass. Primary cardiac tumors range from 0.002 to 0.25%. Intracardiac manifestation and pulmonary embolism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a very rare finding and uncommon even at autopsy. Here we describe the case of a 32-year-old Asian man who was referred for shortness of breath lasting for a month, along with unproductive cough. He was a manual laborer with a history of diabetes, alcoholism, and smoking. Clinically he was diagnosed as having pulmonary embolism. Echocardiogram showed a mass in the right atrium. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that he had a large mass in the right atrium extending down into the inferior vena cava. Further evaluation showed that he had chronic liver disease with portal hypertension and was hepatitis B surface antigen-positive, indicating hepatitis B infection. He underwent excision of the mass, and the pathological report showed metastasis of HCC with multiple vascular emboli in the lungs. As this is the second reported case of this kind in the literature, we highlight the need of screening at least 6-monthly all patients with chronic liver disease, hepatitis B and C virus infection for the early detection of HCC.
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PMID:A rare cause for acute cor pulmonale. 2171 49

A cross-sectional study on pulmonary TB diagnosis delay in an intermediate TB incidence setting showed average patient's delay of 44 +/- 61.65 days and total delay of 103 +/- 148 days. Alcoholism, lack of TB cases in family, diabetes mellitus, relapse, cough or tachycardia (p< 0.01), absence of hemoptysis, dyspnea and anemia (p < 0.01), age > or = 40 (p < 0.05), negative auscultation and positive sputum smear findings (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with patient's delay > 30 days. Age < 40 years, negative auscultation and sputum smear findings (p < 0.01), female sex, city as residence (p < 0.05), absence of cough, sputum, weight loss, fever, excavation (p < 0.01), and night sweats (p < 0.05) were significantly associated with total delay > 103 days. Further population education and continual medical education are waranted.
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PMID:Is there delay in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in an intermediate-to-low TB incidence setting. 2209 35


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