Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0010200 (cough)
 23,843 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aggressive symptom control is a vital component of palliative medicine. Frequently both physicians and patients focus on pain control, forgetting the broader issues of symptom control. Pain and other symptoms are inextricably linked. Common symptoms include constipation, nausea and vomiting, insomnia, anorexia, weight loss, and cough. All oncologists should be familiar with the indications, doses, and unwanted effects of drugs commonly indicated for symptom control. This article will discuss some drugs presently available to achieve good symptom control. At the correct dose and dosing schedule, these agents can have a significant impact on quality of life. As in all areas of medicine, it is best to know the benefits and unwanted effects of a few drugs, rather than randomly prescribing different agents for similar clinical situations. This is rational prescribing. While the list presented here is not exhaustive, it does reflect core drugs currently available in the United States.
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PMID:Symptom control in advanced cancer: important drugs and routes of administration. 1069 23

The method of endobronchial laser therapy with the use of photosensitiser-photosense (phthalocyanine aluminum)--was used since 1998 for the first time in faculty surgical clinic, as preoperative preparation in 36 patients with surgical diseases of the lungs (malignant and benign tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases). The method aimed at elimination of postoperative pyogenous complications and improvement of the respiratory system functional. The method consists in introduction into the organism by various ways the photosensitizing preparation photosence, followed by irradiation of the right and left parts of bronchial tree by low intensity laser light, (wave length 675 mm) through dispersing light guide, introduced through the flexible bronchoscope to the areas of the ostia of the lobar bronchi. 3 ways of introduction of the photosensitizer were used: endobronchial (9 patients); aerosol (22 patients); combination of the endobronchial lavage and intravenous injection (5 patients). The duration of the procedure of irradiation made up 5 min. at each side of the bronchial tree, the power density being 85 mV/cm2. The procedure was repeated twice for 2 days. The following results were obtained: antibacterial effect; reduction of endoscopic and morphological features of inflammation of the bronchial mucosa; stimulation of local immunity; decrease of the tumor aggression (according to histological examination); the appearance of the tumor destruction areas; lavering of Ki-67 and bcl-2, increase of c-bax; the improvement of the respiratory system functional; positive dynamics of clinical status (a decrease of cough, dispnea, quantity of mucus discharge and haemoptysis). The perspectiveness of the method is stressed as a preoperative preparation in patients with surgical diseases of the lungs.
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PMID:[Endobronchial laser therapy in complex preoperative preparation of patients with lung diseases]. 1071 Sep 18

A 45-year-old nonsmoking woman with repeated coughing and dyspnea on effort was admitted to our hospital diagnosed with right-sided pneumothorax on chest X-ray. Chest computed tomography showed neither bullae nor nodules. Chest drainage failed to completely reexpand the lung, necessitating video-assisted thoracic surgery. Thoracoscopy showed pleural thickening in the apical segment without bullae or air leakage, dark-brown pigmentation of the diaphragm, and an unsuspected small nodule about 5 mm in diameter on the diaphragmatic surface of the right lower lobe. Pneumothorax was treated by mechanical abrasion of parietal pleura and upper lobe wedge resection. The lower lobe and nodule were wedge-resected using staplers. The nodule was bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of Noguchi's type B. To improve curability and check for diaphragmatic lesions, right posterolateral thoracotomy was conducted on post-video-assisted thoracic surgery day 28. Aggressive intraoperative lymph node exploration yielded no remarkable histological findings. Nonanatomical lower lobe wedge resection was done and the diaphragm with pinhole-like perforations was partially resected. The resected lung showed no cancerous tissue. Endometrial tissue was histologically confirmed in the resected diaphragm. The patient has remained asymptomatic in 14-month follow-up. This is, to our knowledge, the first lung cancer accompanied by catamenial pneumothorax.
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PMID:Unsuspected lung cancer accompanied by catamenial pneumothorax. 1108 Sep 61

Carcinoids are neuroendocrine neoplasms. Bronchial carcinoids are unusual, malignant primary neoplasms that characteristically involve the central airways and typically exhibit well-defined margins and bronchial-related growth. Bronchial carcinoids include low-grade typical carcinoids and the more aggressive atypical ones. They usually affect patients in the 3rd through the 7th decade of life who are often symptomatic with cough, hemoptysis or obstructive pneumonia. Rarely, the initial symptoms are related to the secretion of hormones causing carcinoid or other endocrine syndromes. Bronchial carcinoids radiologically manifest as hilar or perihilar masses, with or without associated atelectasis, pneumonia or bronchiectasis. At CT-scan the relationship of these tumors with the bronchial tree is usually seen, and they show contrast enhancement or calcification. Even if the radiological signs may be suggestive for bronchial carcinoid, the definitive diagnosis is reached only by the tissue sampling. Bronchoscopic biopsy is the more effective way to identify the nature of carcinoid tumors because of their frequent central location. The treatment of choice is the surgical resection which should be carried out with maximum respect for the residual lung and bronchial tissues. Endoscopic ablations in well defined cases, bronchotomy and lung resections with or without bronchoplastic procedures have been described. Hilar and mediastinal lymph node sampling and examination should be ever performed during open procedures. Positivity of the nodal tissues could influence the resection procedure and is related with the prognosis, specially for the atypical carcinoids. Chemo- and radiation therapy are not effective in improving the long-term outcome in those patients with advanced disease. The long-term outcome is strictly related with the histological subtype and the lymph node status. Local recurrences and distant metastases are more frequent in the atypical carcinoids which manifest a more aggressive behavior. During the last decade, the importance of the use of somatostatine analogues (octreotide) in the staging, early detection of the recurrent disease and its management such as that of the associated carcinoid syndrome became clear.
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PMID:[Bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumours]. 1214 71

Interstitial pneumonitis is a severe complication of juvenile dermatomyositis. We report a 4-year-old girl with juvenile dermatomyositis. Coughing, shortness of breath, and general malaise developed during steroid treatment. The histology of her lung biopsy is compatible with interstitial pneumonitis. Aggressive treatment including intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin, and oral cyclosporin all failed. Creatinine phosphokinase level was within the normal range during the disease course. The clinical features are discussed and the importance of a differential diagnosis of interstitial pneumonitis in patients with juvenile dermatomyositis is emphasized.
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PMID:Steroid refractory interstitial pneumonitis in a patient with juvenile dermatomyositis. 1254 53

Early and clear discussion and articulation of preferences about interventions with increasing burdens and diminishing benefits is helpful in identifying the goals of care and planning management for patients who have unremitting terminal illnesses. The development of respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and hiccups is common and can often be anticipated. Aggressive evaluation and treatment should be pursued and offered to palliate symptoms at the end of life.
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PMID:Managing respiratory symptoms at the end of life. 1273 24

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a severe pulmonary infection that has been identified in multiple outbreaks around the world after emerging from mainland China in early 2003. The syndrome is caused by SARS-associated coronavirus, a novel human infection. SARS-associated coronavirus is spread by multiple mechanisms, including direct contact and large-droplet aerosolization, and may be spread by droplet nuclei as well. Clinical disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, interstitial infiltrates, and variable progression to respiratory failure. No treatment has clearly been shown to be effective. Aggressive infection control measures to prevent viral spread are key to outbreak management.
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PMID:Severe acute respiratory syndrome: an overview. 1451 89

Seven cases of pertussis in patients aged between 1 and 6 months detected over 3 months were reported. Paroxysmal cough (six cases), post-tussive vomiting (three cases) and poor feeding (three cases) were the most common presenting symptoms. Bordetella pertussis was isolated from six patients. The total leucocyte counts were mildly increased (10.8-15.6x10(9)/L). The lymphocyte counts were markly raised (59-73%) and appear to be useful indicators of pertussis. It appears that herd immunity does not offer adequate protection to the vulnerable group even in well-vaccinated populations. High vaccination coverage should be maintained, and vaccination should be given as early an age as possible. Aggressive efforts to identify cases and contacts are essential. Health care workers should have a high index of suspicion for pertussis, in particular for those with paroxysmal cough and high lymphocyte counts so as to give timely diagnosis and treatment.
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PMID:Pertussis--a re-emerging infection? 1472 Apr 90

Minimal feeding competition among female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) has resulted in egalitarian social relationships with poorly defined agonistic dominance hierarchies. Thus, gorillas are generally viewed as non-competitive egalitarian folivores that have had little need to develop effective competitive strategies to access food resources. However, this generalization is inconsistent with more recent research indicating that most gorillas are frugivorous, feeding on patchily distributed food resources. The current study at Howletts Wild Animal Park, Kent, England, explores the effects of clumped and defendable foods on female gorilla agonistic relationships among three groups of western lowland gorillas (G. g. gorilla), conditions that are predicted to lead to well-differentiated agonistic dominance hierarchies among female primates. The Howletts gorillas foraged all day on low-energy/-nutrient, high-fiber foods widely distributed around their enclosure by the keepers. However, they also had periodic access to high-energy foods (e.g., nuts, raisins, strawberries, etc.) that the keepers would spread in a clumped and defendable patch. Frequencies of agonistic and submissive behaviors between females and proximity data were gathered. High-status females were found to monopolize the food patch and kept the low-status females at bay with cough-grunt threat vocalizations or by chasing them away. Agonistic interactions were initiated mostly by females of high status; these were directed towards females of low status and were generally not reciprocal. In addition, females of low status engaged in submissive behaviors the most often, which they directed primarily at females of high status, especially in response to aggression by the latter. Agonistic interactions between high- and low-status females had decided outcomes more often than not, with low-status females the losers. Competition over highly desirable foods distributed in defendable clumps at Howletts appears to have led to well-defined dominance relationships among these female gorillas.
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PMID:Captive female gorilla agonistic relationships with clumped defendable food resources. 1646 58

Accurately measuring and monitoring of animal behavior is an important factor when assessing on-farm animal welfare. First we developed a feasible and simple method aiming at consistently on-farm measuring of pig's behavior. This test should cover a broad range of welfare-related pig behavior. The reaction towards a novel object, startling, tail and ear biting, play and aggressive behavior, stereotypies, coughing, sneezing, skin lesions, defecation, urination and cleanliness of body and pen are included. The development of accurate measures of on-farm behavior first requires the reliability assessment of the procedure. Therefore, the methodology was tested in a first part by three observers scoring simultaneously and independently pre-defined behavioral characteristics of 108 group-housed fattening pigs. The inter-observer repeatability of the measures was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.7 to 1. In a second part, the objective was to validate the behavioral characteristics against salivary cortisol, urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine and production traits. Salivary cortisol concentrations significantly increased in ear-bitten pigs and in pigs with tail lesions. Growth rate significantly dropped when cortisol levels rose. An age effect was also found. The percentage of animals approaching the novel object is positively correlated with the urinary epinephrine concentration. Pigs defecating during the test showed significantly higher epinephrine levels. Urinary norepinephrine concentration decreased significantly with age. Faster growing animals and animals with tail lesions showed significantly higher levels of norepinephrine. Pen dirtiness and number of animals per pen were associated with higher norepinephrine concentrations. Finally, barrows had higher norepinephrine concentrations than sows.
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PMID:Validation of a behavioral observation tool to assess pig welfare. 1690 37


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