Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0009952 (febrile convulsions)
 1,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A prospective study of 40 children with epilepsy was carried out between June 1990 and August 1991 at Port Moresby General Hospital. Half of the children had yet to start school. Significant features in their past medical histories were acute meningitis (38%), tuberculous meningitis (10%), febrile convulsions (10%) and head trauma (5%). Most cases had grand mal epilepsy (80%). The majority of the children with epilepsy (90%) were treated with a single drug, which was usually phenobarbitone. 22% had received more than one drug, but not simultaneously. Significant side-effects requiring change of treatment occurred in 10%. Disturbed behaviour was reported in 55% and 22% had a poor social outcome. 45% had complete control of fits clinically. This study showed that in Port Moresby acute meningitis is a significant cause of epilepsy in young children, the majority of whom present with grand mal epilepsy, which is usually controlled by phenobarbitone, a readily available and cheap drug and still a useful anticonvulsant in the developing world.
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PMID:Childhood epilepsy in Papua New Guinea. 786 26

Febrile seizures are commonly seen in emergency departments that treat children. Risk factors for initial and recurrent febrile seizures and epilepsy have been identified. Controversy still exists over the need for performing a lumbar puncture as part of the initial evaluation. Most children with a febrile seizure and meningitis present with an abnormal level of consciousness or have obvious meningeal signs. Emphasis should be placed on looking for a source of fever and reassuring and educating the caretakers.
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PMID:Febrile seizures. 795 95

Volumetric analysis of high-quality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans identifies asymmetric hippocampal atrophy in most patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. However, bilateral hippocampal atrophy can be missed by unnormalized volume measures. We considered two patient groups with temporal lobe epilepsy, one with a history of febrile convulsions (FC, n = 14) and one with a history of encephalitis or meningitis (E/M, N = 12), to compare the prevalence of bilateral volume loss between the groups. A volume normalization process defines a normal range of hippocampal volumes in control subjects (n = 32). Normalized volumes indicated that 11 of 14 subjects with a history of FC had unilateral hippocampal atrophy and 9 of 12 subjects with a history of E/M had bilateral hippocampal atrophy as compared with the controls. Visual assessments of unilateral hippocampal atrophy (n = 17) correlated well with measured unilateral volume loss (n = 14 ), but visual assessment of bilateral hippocampal atrophy (n = 3) correlated poorly with measured bilateral volume loss (n = 12). Mean age at seizure onset was lower in the FC group (7 years) than in the E/M group (13 years), but other clinical features were similar between the two groups. Hippocampal volume normalization is necessary to detect bilateral volume loss, which is common in patients with a history of encephalitis or meningitis.
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PMID:Bilateral hippocampal volume loss in patients with a history of encephalitis or meningitis. 860 47

Neuronal cell distributions were measured for anterior and posterior locations in the hippocampi of epilepsy patients who were seizure-free after temporal lobectomy. Patients were divided into two groups, those with an early risk factor, defined as a neurologic insult occurring in the first 4 years of life, and those with no early risk factor. Early-risk patients had lower hilar cell densities, lower granule cell densities, and fewer granule cells per millimeter, a measured related to total granule cell number, than to early risk patients. Moreover, each risk group had different anteroposterior density gradients for granule cells and hilar cells. These differences in cell distribution may arise from different patterns of cell loss of cell migration in the dentate gyrus during development. In the early-risk group, there was also a distinction between patients with a history of febrile convulsions without CNS infection and patients with a history of meningitis or encephalitis. These two subgroups had similar numbers of granule cells, However, the meningitis/encephalitis subgroup exhibited a wider granule cell layer, suggesting that the granule cell layer was more dispersed. Our results support the hypothesis of a predominantly anterior hippocampal insult in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In nonepileptic hippocampus, the ratio of putatively excitatory granule neurons to putatively inhibitory hilar neurons is highest in the anterior hippocampus. This ratio may explain in part why the anterior hippocampus is more prone to cell loss and seizures.
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PMID:Hippocampal cell distributions in temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison between patients with and without an early risk factor. 861 72

The reported efficacy of BCG vaccine in preventing pulmonary tuberculosis varies from 0-80%; however, its efficacy in preventing tuberculous meningitis ranges from 52%-84%. A case-control study was conducted to assess the efficacy of BCG in preventing tuberculous meningitis in children. New cases of tuberculous meningitis, confirmed bacteriologically, were registered as cases. Controls were children suffering from febrile convulsions attending the same hospital. A total of 107 cases and 321 controls, block matched for age, were registered. Vaccination status was determined from the history reported by the mother and by BCG scar reading. Data regarding socioeconomic status, crowding, and nutritional status were collected. Using multiple logistic regression analysis the odds ratio obtained for the presence of BCG scar was 0.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14 to 0.37) and the protective efficacy of BCG vaccine in preventing tuberculous meningitis in children was found to be 77% (95% CI 71 to 83%).
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PMID:Does BCG vaccine prevent tuberculous meningitis? 897 77

Four hundred and sixty-seven children, aged from birth to 16 years (mean age:35.9 months), presented with emergency neurological problems to the Children's Emergency Unit (CHER) of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu over a 12-month period. This accounted for 11.1% of all the cases seen in the Unit during that period. There was a male:female ratio of 1.55:1. A significantly higher number of cases presented during the rainy season (May to October) than during the other months of the year. Febrile convulsion was the most common problem, with 132 cases (28.3%), followed by meningitis (18.2%) and afebrile seizures (15.8%). One hundred and ninety-two patients (37.7%) were discharged home, while 36 (7.7%) died. The findings from the study are discussed and compared with data from other centres. Recommendations that may help to reduce mortality from neurologic emergencies in children, are made.
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PMID:Paediatric neurologic emergencies at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. 925 41

To identify the causes of deafness, 354 pupils attending the Buguruni School for the Deaf in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were studied. Of these children 205 were boys and 149 were girls, a sex ratio of 1.4:1. The onset of deafness was congenital in 36 (10.2%) and acquired in 318 (89.8%). Among the children with acquired deafness, the cause was unknown in 77 (24.2%); meningitis in 76 (23.9%), ototoxicity in 66 (20.8%), mumps in 53 (16.7%) febrile convulsions in five (1.5%), otitis media in 28 (8.8%) and measles in 13 (4.1%). Among the children with congenital deafness, only ten (27.8%) were identified before the age of 2 years. The findings indicate that most (75.8%) of the causes of acquired deafness are preventable through immunisation, early diagnosis and proper treatment of ear infections and avoidance of prescription of ototoxic drugs. This emphasizes the need for programmes aimed at improving the health services at primary levels of health care which will in turn prevent deafness.
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PMID:Aetiology of deafness among children at the Buguruni School for the Deaf in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 946 25

Abnormalities in insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been reported in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with acute leukemia. In the present study, we have further characterized the IGFBPs in whole CSF prospectively in 11 children with acute B-lineage lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing chemotherapy. Western ligand blots Western immunoblots using a new anti-IGFBP-6 and a new IGFBP-rP1 (related protein-1 antibody and immunoassays (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc., Webster, TX) were used to characterize and measure IGFBP-6, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-rP1 in children with ALL at diagnosis, and with treatment. Comparisons at baseline were made with 11 children with meningitis and 11 children with febrile convulsions (controls). The mean (+/- SE) CSF IGFBP-6 in ALL patients, 56 (+/- 7) ng/mL, was significantly lower than in meningitis, 97 (+/- 17) ng/mL; and in controls, 123 (+/- 24) ng/mL (P < 0.05, t test). In contrast, CSF IGFBP-3 was elevated in ALL patients, 29 (+/- 9) ng/mL; compared with meningitis, 11 (+/- 1) ng/mL; and controls, 10 (+/- 1) ng/mL (P < 0.05, t test); and IGFBP-2 did not differ among the three groups (47-59 ng/mL, P > 0.05). CSF IGFBP-6 remained very low in the patients with ALL, at 4 and 36 weeks of treatment; whereas IGFBP-3 decreased to control levels, and IGFBP-2 did not change significantly. At baseline, Western ligand blots and Western immunoblots identified a 25- to 28-kDa broad band as IGFBP-6 and a 30-kDa band as IGFBP-2 and showed that there was almost no intact IGFBP-3 in CSF. IGFBP-rP1 was also present in the CSF and was elevated in patients with ALL, compared with the 2 control groups. In conclusion, at diagnosis, IGFBP-rP1 and fragments of IGFBP-3 are elevated, and IGFBP-6 is significantly decreased, in the CSF of ALL children; and IGFBP-6 remained low, with treatment, up to 36 weeks. The role of the IGFBPs and IGFBP-rPs in central nervous system acute leukemia remain to be further elucidated.
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PMID:Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and IGFBP-related protein 1-levels in cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. 1019 68

Between February and August 1997, 53 patients with enterovirus meningitis were hospitalized in Clermont-Ferrand, France. All but one were children. Echovirus type 30 was involved in 70% of cases with identified serotype. The outbreak ceased on August 8. Two months later, a neonate was admitted to the neonatal unit with an echovirus type 30 meningitis thought to be acquired at delivery. Twenty days later a nosocomial outbreak of echovirus type 30 involving five neonates occurred. Two of them presented with meningitis and two with febrile seizure; One was asymptomatic. The retrospective examination of the maternal sera in a neutralization test, using the index case strain as a source of antigen, showed that none of the neonates was passively immunized before hospitalization. The use of genome detection in cerebrospinal fluid allowed rapid diagnosis and infection was contained by re-inforcing hygiene measures. Prospective examination of stools in the neonatal and paediatric units showed no further occurrences of the disease. No sporadic case was observed in the general population. Hence, nosocomial infections can occur a long time after an outbreak in the general population; rapid diagnosis with molecular tools is useful both for a definite diagnosis in patients already hospitalized, and to act as a rapid alert, even in intervals between seasonal outbreaks.
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PMID:An outbreak due to echovirus type 30 in a neonatal unit in France in 1997: usefulness of PCR diagnosis. 1046 41

A febrile seizure is a benign convulsion that occurs in infants or small children and is brought on by fever without evidence of meningitis or encephalitis. Little is known about the etiology; however, it is associated with disease processes outside the central nervous system. In most children, the primary causative factors appears to be the height and rapidity of temperature elevation, which usually exceeds 101.8 degrees F (38.8 degrees C). Seizures occur most often during the temperature rise itself rather than after a prolonged elevation. Variation persists in interpretation, evaluation, and treatment of children with febrile seizures, rendering the diagnosis one of exclusion. Pharmacologic treatment for febrile seizures should be easy to administer, have virtually no adverse effects, and be remarkably efficacious. Along with invasive intervention and pharmacologic management, the clinician must also provide counseling during this stressful event.
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PMID:Managing febrile seizures in children. 1054 56


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