Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0009676 (confusion)
 21,692 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is a recreational drug of increasing use among youth because of its apparent entactogenic properties, such as euphoria, friendliness, closeness, and empathy. However, experimental studies have shown MDMA to be neurotoxic. Data on pharmacologic actions of MDMA in humans are limited. The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, crossover, controlled trial to assess psychomotor performance and subjective effects in eight healthy male volunteers. MDMA was given in the same range of doses used for recreational purposes (75 and 125 mg). Amphetamine (40 mg) and placebo were used as reference compounds. For the digit-symbol substitution test (DSST), MDMA-125 produced a mild decrease in responses, and amphetamine produced a mild improvement. For the Maddox wing device, MDMA-125 induced esophoria compared with the other drug conditions. MDMA-125 and MDMA-75 produced increases in feelings of euphoria and well-being, as noted by increases in scores on the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI) MBG and A scales, as well as scores of "stimulated," "good effects," "liking," and "high" on the visual analog scales. Amphetamine administration induced similar effects. At the same time, MDMA-125 enhanced sedation- and dysphoria-related effects (ARCI-PCAG and LSD, "confusion," "drunken," and Profile of Mood States Confusion scale). Mild changes in some body perception-related feelings were also reported after MDMA use, but hallucinations or psychoses were not present. In summary, the short-term administration of MDMA produced marked euphoria, a slight impairment in the performance of psychomotor tasks, and mild changes in body perceptions without hallucinations. These data support the abuse liability of MDMA.
 ...
PMID:Human pharmacology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ("ecstasy"): psychomotor performance and subjective effects. 1091 7

A public education event on death and dying, based on the design of a commercial trade show, was held to raise the profile of palliative care in the community. Attendees answered a questionnaire designed to assess their knowledge on issues about dying and their anticipated needs if they were to face a terminal illness. Healthcare providers knew significantly more about dying, but there were persistent misconceptions that morphine shortens life, causes addiction, and develops tolerance. The questionnaire revealed confusion about treatment choices available to patients and euthanasia. The anticipated needs questions revealed that increasing age leads to less concern about physical needs, and independence/control. Further public forums on death and dying will be held with attention to education on the identified issues and inclusion of wider education and cultural groups.
 ...
PMID:Using a trade-show format to educate the public about death and survey public knowledge and needs about issues surrounding death and dying. 1122 14

This study assessed the acute effects of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on learning and performance, using a repeated acquisition and performance paradigm, in eight healthy adult humans. Subjective ratings of drug effects were also collected. In each component of a multiple schedule, subjects completed a different sequence of 10 responses using three keys of a numeric keypad. In the acquisition component, subjects learned a new sequence with each series of 20 trials. In the performance component, the sequence remained constant throughout the study. The multiple schedule and rating scales were presented pre-drug, post-drug and at 30min intervals thereafter for 5h. THC (10-20mg, p.o.) increased the peak percentage of errors during the acquisition component from 7.0% to 9.3% but responding during the performance component was unchanged. THC decreased Digit Symbol Substitution Test performance, increased Profile of Mood State ratings of confusion, depression and general mood disturbance and Visual Analog Scale ratings of strength of drug effect, good and bad effects, but did not alter Addiction Research Center Inventory ratings. In summary, THC in humans caused a slight learning deficit at behaviorally active doses under the repeated acquisition procedure.
 ...
PMID:The effects of delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on repeated acquisition and performance of response sequences and on self-reports in humans. 1122 53

Opioids are not always available in many developing countries, including those in Latin America. In this study we analyzed the national laws on opioids and other controlled substances from Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Mexico, and the state of Texas, according to the principles set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), as well as to the presence of over-regulations regarding their medical and scientific use. The six main principles outlined by WHO and INCB for opioid availability were analyzed by using a total of 17 criteria as shown in Table 3. The result scores ranged from 17/17 (full compliance with all criteria) to 0/17 (non-compliance). Results showed that with the exception of the state of Texas 16/17 (94%), the countries failed to adequately meet the INCB and WHO criteria: Argentina: 7/17 (41%); Colombia: 9 /17 (53%); Costa Rica: 9/17 (53%); Mexico: 4/17 (24%); and Peru: 7/17 (41%). In all 5 Latin American countries, national laws and regulations imposed limits on the number of days allowed for prescription, the potency of the dosage, and the number of doses allowed per day. In all cases, including Texas, there was confusion on the meaning and utilization of the terms physical dependence, psychological dependence, addiction, tolerance and abuse. In total, combining all cases, only 51% of the criteria were met. Additionally, all laws and regulations, especially in Argentina, include over regulations and statements that may further interfere with patient access to opioids. The prescription criteria were fully met by the state of Texas and all five countries. These results indicate that there is need to revise the existing laws and regulations in countries with opioid availability problems, and identify the potential barriers, which may be playing a significant role in the access to adequate treatment. Such review seeks to carefully consider all possible criteria, since partial resolution of legislative articles will not result in increased opioid availability.
 ...
PMID:Legislation analysis according to WHO and INCB criteria on opioid availability: a comparative study of 5 countries and the state of Texas. 1127

A 38-y-old male with occult inhalant abuse underwent an 18-mo evaluation for presumed seizure disorder. Although past medical history was significant for alcohol abuse, his wife confirmed a 6-y histoy of abstinence. His seizures were characterized as episodes of unconsciousness preceded by a feeling of "things slowing down". No muscular activity was witnessed during these episodes, and upon regaining consciousness the patient had slurred speech, disorientation, dissociative amnesia, and bizarre behavior that resolved spontaneously. Despite 4 emergency department visits, 4 hospital admissions, 5 neurologic and 7 psychiatric outpatient evaluations, extensive work-up was non-diagnostic. These episodes recurred until his wife found him huffing trichloroethylene. Questioning of the patient revealed that huffing always preceded these episodes and that he started huffing after discontinuing alcohol. The patient underwent addiction treatment. Toxic inhalants should be suspected as a substitute drug of abuse in patients attempting abstention. Disorientation clinically similar to dissociative amnesia can occur following loss of consciousness during an episode of trichloroethylene use.
 ...
PMID:An unusual presentation of inhalant abuse with dissociative amnesia. 1182 66

This work asserts that men as a gender are being physically and psychically devastated by the prevailing socioeconomic system. American society empowers a small percentage of men, but it causes confusion and anxiety for the majority. Men are beginning to realize that they cannot properly relate to each other or understand exploitation until they understand the extent and nature of their dispossession by economic and political institutions. The oppression of men is mirrored in the growing incidence of male self-destruction, addiction, homelessness, and hopelessness. With the advent of industrialization, millions of men who had found fulfillment in husbandry of family, community, and land were forced into an industrial system whose ultimate goal was to turn man against man in the competitive system of modern society. The traditional male role was replaced with a new image of men as autonomous, efficient, self-interested, and disconnected from nature and community. As men become more and more powerless in their own lives, they are fed more and more media images of excessive, caricatured masculinity with which to identify. It is imperative that the increasing sense of personal liberation fostered by the men's movement be channeled into political action. A brief political platform for men would include actions centered on the family and children, protection of the environment, increasing male presence in classrooms and community activities involving children, health prevention, and dismantling the military-industrial establishment. A network of activists should be established to support the men's political agenda.
 ...
PMID:A time for men to pull together. A manifesto for the new politics of masculinity. 1229 66

Practice guidelines have proliferated in mental health and addiction services; more than 40 organizations have developed guidelines in the field. However, much confusion, controversy, and contextual issues remain, particularly regarding effective dissemination and the clinical, financial, political, and ethical issues that emerge when evidence-based behavioral health practice guidelines are implemented in systems of care. The American College of Mental Health Administration (ACMHA) focused on these problems in their 1999 and 2000 Santa Fe Summits and produced a number of specific outcomes that contribute to thinking in the field. These include the following: (a) a taxonomy of building blocks for informed decision-making in behavioral health assessment and treatment; (b) a paradigm for the development of practice guidelines; (c) characteristics of a good practice guideline; (d) strategies for disseminating and implementing practice guidelines; and (e) areas in need of future research.
 ...
PMID:Practice guidelines in mental health and addiction services: contributions from the American College of Mental Health Administration. 1254 54

The author presents two sessions from the analysis of a depressive narcissistic doctor, which are characterised by a mixture of co-operation and pseudo-co-operation. The dialogue is in parts intellectualised, complicated, lifeless and schizoid. Points at which the patient shows surprising insights are then partly denigrated by him, on the basis that change is not to be expected. Semi-lifeless contact assists the defensive claustrophobia that he experiences in meaningful contact. It becomes very clear that he is then afraid of entering into an openly aggressive conflict that entails the existential threat of object loss. However, this has so far been avoided. The secret pleasure in an anal-narcissistic, sadomasochistic addiction to doubt persists in the partial denigration. The patient's artificially maintained self-doubt and doubt of the object reinforce a genuine confusion that consists in never knowing exactly what lies behind the helpful and needed object.
 ...
PMID:Anaesthesia or psychotherapy: eradicating thoughts or working them through. 1285 48

The common etiology of substance and behavioural addictions is one that suggests faulty volition caused by a cognitive impairment. A cognitive impairment that minimizes the recall of the negative effects of the addictive behaviour is viewed as necessary and causal to all addictions. The proposed definition for addiction clarifies the confusion associated with addictive disorders, explains the many variable presentations, and provides an explanation of comorbidity and treatment outcomes. In addition, this paper suggests why this process has not been previously identified.
 ...
PMID:Addiction: a disease of volition caused by a cognitive impairment. 1467 49

Zolpidem is a sedative and hypnotic drug belonging to imidazopyridine family. Zolpidem facilitates GABAA function more selectively than benzodiazepines, and produces a selective hypnotic effect. In comparison with benzodiazepines this mechanism could be reduce liability to induce dependence. Recently, some cases of zolpidem abuse and dependence have been published. The Authors report 2 cases of addiction to high dose of zolpidem and compare them with others described in the literature. Both patients had been reknown drug addicts before their first prescription of zolpidem and a borderline personality disorder was diagnosed. The patients rapidly developed over consumption and dependence of the molecule, when taking doses as high as 240 and 400 mg daily. To get zolpidem, one patient falsifies prescriptions. They don't suffer from the sedative effects while searching for anxiolytic and stimulating effects. They were also dysarthric, confused, high energy for mental and physical activity. The cases of zolpidem abuse and dependence in the literature describe these symptoms and others such as losing sense of orientation in time and space, amnesia and visual hallucinations. The most typical withdrawal symptom is high levels of anxiety. Moreover, one patient presents an epileptic seizure whereas the other display a severe psychiatric complication such a psychosis. In the literature, withdrawal was accompanied by confusion, suicidal ideas, nausea, vomiting, sweat, tremors, tachycardia and insomnia rebound. The epileptic seizures are described but acute psychosis complication is rare. Pharmacological hypotheses are described. The effects of zolpidem on GABAA receptor gene expression are consistent with the reduced tolerance liability of this drug as well as with other ability to induce both physical dependence and withdrawal syndrome. Through the review of the literature, the Authors noted that 50% of the cases of dependence on zolpidem are drug addicts, therefore concluding that drug addicts are more likely to become dependent on zolpidem.
 ...
PMID:[Dependence on zolpidem: a report of two cases]. 1510 18


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Next >>