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Foals with combined immunodeficiency (CID), a fatal genetic defect in the production of both B and T lymphocytes, are born without immunoglobulins and are unable to synthesise them. CID foals receiving immunoglobulins via the dam's colostrum may live up to four months of age. Those CID foals with failure of passive transfer (FPT) die at a much earlier age. The occurrence of CID is of value in studying passive transfer of immunoglobulins, as no confusion exists as to when passive transfer ends and active synthesis of immunoglobulins begins. A high correlation has been found between early foal disease and deaths and lack of passive transfer of immunoglobulins, even though many of these foals appear to nurse normally during the first few hours post partum. Evaluation of immunoglobulin levels in 24 hour post suckle samples would prove of value not only in diagnosing CID foals, but in recognising FPT in otherwise normal foals.
Vet Rec 1976 Jul 17
PMID:Combined immunodeficiency with failure of colostral immunoglobulins transfer in foals. 96 May 12

This study focuses on the confusion in existing literature concerning the presence of smooth muscle in the capsule and trabeculae of lymph nodes. Human and bovine nodes from several anatomical areas and several individuals of each species were examined by conventional light, electron and fluorescence microscopy. Smooth muscle cells, independent of blood vessels, were demonstrated in the trabeculae and capsules of lymph nodes of both species examined by all three techniques. The need for further study on the function of these cells is indicated.
Anat Rec 1975 Dec
PMID:Smooth muscle in lymph node capsule and trabeculae. 120 Apr 8

The isolectin B4 of Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA I-B4) binds to cell membrane glycoconjugates bearing terminal alpha-D-galactose, which macrophages possess. We have investigated the merits of its use as a marker for cells of this lineage when examining the early origin of macrophage populations in rat embryos, the stages and time scale of transformation from precursor forms to active, matured cells, and the response of precursors and macrophages to colony-stimulating blood factors, the last two studies conducted in organ cultures of prenatal lungs. In the present instance, GSA I-B4 was used either coupled with fluorescein (FITC) for light microscopy of living and fixed cells, or with peroxidase for light or electron microscopy. Control incubations of lung culture-derived macrophages proved that staining resulted from specific binding to galactosyl units on the cell membrane, since it was competitively inhibited by alpha-D-galactose. The lectin binds to few cells in 14-day prenatal lung explants but to a great many macrophages that subsequently develop in the cultures, indicating that it can be relied on for quantitative studies on population growth; however, it is important to provide reagents with good access to the cells. Apart from macrophages and their precursors, virtually no cells in prenatal lung cultures bind this lectin. Granulocytes of adult blood are GSA positive, but they are not yet present in 14-day prenatal explants and do not develop subsequent to culturing; hence they are not a source of confusion for experimental studies using this system. Precursors of granulocytes begin to appear in rat embryos around day 13 and have GSA-positive cell membranes, but like definitive granulocytes they also have conspicuous peroxidase-positive lysosomal granules which serve to distinguish them from early macrophages, particularly when cells are studied at an ultrastructural level. With these objections cleared away, GSA I-B4 emerges as a valuable means to mark cells of the macrophage line, mature or immature.
Anat Rec 1992 Apr
PMID:Macrophage development: I. Rationale for using Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 as a marker for the line. 137 95

Cartilage canals are present in the epiphyseal cartilage of most mammals and birds. They are considered necessary for the maintenance of chondrocytes and for the formation of epiphyseal ossification centers. The epiphyseal cartilage of marsupials was recently shown not to contain cartilage canals, and placental rats appear not to have cartilage canals, although some confusion exists in the literature. The present study examines the cartilaginous epiphyses and physes from the knee and hip of the rat and the two Australian monotremes (platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus and echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus). In all three species, cartilage canals were absent. Vessels to epiphyseal ossification centers were present, however. In the center of the cartilaginous femoral head of the echidna, but not in the platypus or rat, there was a large cavity, which contained connective tissue and was lined by an endochondrium of chondroproginator cells. These appeared to be contributing to growth of the cartilaginous epiphysis. No similar structure has previously been described in the cartilaginous epiphysis of other species. There was no ligament of the femoral head in the hip joints of the monotremes, and it is suggested the absence of a ligament may be significant in the development of the cavity. It was noted in all specimens that despite being avascular the epiphyseal and physeal cartilage appeared viable and functionally normal. The small size of the cartilaginous epiphyses of the rat may account for their avascularity; but the epiphyses of the monotremes were much larger, especially the echidna, yet still avascular. These features provide strong evidence for fundamental differences between the avascular cartilage of monotremes and the vascular cartilage of most mammals.
Anat Rec 1991 Apr
PMID:Cartilaginous bone extremities of growing monotremes appear unique. 204 49

To determine the architecture of the atrioventricular (AV) junctional region, structures in atrial preparations were correlated to those in serial sections made either parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the AV node (AVN)/AV bundle complex. The results demonstrated the following for the first time: 1) A right medial atrial wall (MAW) extends anteriorly from the interatrial septum, superior to the interventricular septum (IVS). 2) An atrial interventricular septum (A-IVS) groove is located between the base of the MAW and the crest of the IVS. 3) Three atrionodal bundles converge to form a proximal AV bundle (PAVB), which in turn is contiguous with the AVN. The atrionodal bundles are associated with the MAW or the superomedial and inferolateral margins of the coronory sinus. Terminal portions of the atrionodal bundles and the PAVB reside within the A-IVS groove. The AV bundle was termed distal (DAVB) to avoid confusion. 4) The location of the AVN/DAVB complex topographically is deep to the apex of the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve subjacent to the MAW. Intracardially, the AVN/DAVB complex is within the central fibrous body. Significantly, this study resulted in the first unequivocal demonstration of discrete bundles of myocardial fibers associated with the atrial end of the AV node. Moreover, it appears likely that the atrionodal AV bundles are continuous with the sinoatrial nodal extensions, thereby forming internodal tracts.
Anat Rec 1989 Jul
PMID:Atrioventricular node and input pathways: a correlated gross anatomical and histological study of the canine atrioventricular junctional region. 278 19

Since first being recognised at the turn of the century, East Coast fever of cattle and its causal parasite Theileria parva have undergone numerous name changes as scientists have observed differences in the distribution, severity, characteristics and host associations of the disease within Africa. These changes have caused considerable confusion to scientists and affected the control of infections caused by T parva in the field. The justification for the decisions affecting the nomenclature of T parva and the diseases it causes are documented and reviewed, and their validity is considered in the light of current knowledge. Areas of research required to clarify the remaining confusion are identified.
Vet Rec
PMID:The naming game: the changing fortunes of East Coast fever and Theileria parva. 812 51

The term ovarian suspensory ligament appears ambiguous when human adult anatomy textbooks are compared with human embryology or with general mammalian anatomy textbooks. The term ovarian suspensory ligament in laboratory rodents and domestic animals indicates homologous structures during foetal (the cranial mesonephric and gonadal ligaments) and later life (the cranial mesonephric ligament derivatives). In human foetal anatomy textbooks ovarian suspensory ligament is generally applied to this same ligament. However, in human adult anatomy textbooks ovarian suspensory ligament is widely applied to the part of the (uterine) broad ligament which contains the uterine and ovarian blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. This inconsistency in human anatomy books raises confusion on the nature of the foetal and adult ovarian suspensory ligaments and inconsistencies in the description of the normal anatomical relationships of the ovaries between humans and other mammals. For the proper understanding of normal gonadal growth and development within the abdomen, it is important to maintain a consistent nomenclature of the cranial ovarian structures. The current practice in veterinary and other mammalian textbooks offers a solid point of departure.
Anat Rec 1993 Nov
PMID:The name cranial ovarian suspensory ligaments in mammalian anatomy should be used only to indicate the structures derived from the foetal cranial mesonephric and gonadal ligaments. 829 98

Major concepts introduced in this paper are as follows. 1) Organization, with its attendant qualities of accuracy, consistency, legibility, completeness, and simplicity, is the heart of the medical record. Technology should not be allowed to obscure this goal. 2) The main function of the computerized medical record is data storage with the qualities of organization noted above. This function must be clearly separated from condensation, analysis, or other secondary manipulation of data. 3) Many aspects of data manipulation call for the judgment of a physician. This judgement may be aided by computer software, but not replaced by it. 4) Present technological barriers, most notably speed, permanent large storage, and voice input should not influence the design of the effective computerized record. Future technology will be able to service the carefully designed medical record. 5) Textual parts of the computerized medical record can follow a simple and machine independent outline format. All parts of the record should use a textual introduction emphasizing patient and record identification. 6) A patient profile is central to each patient file. Updating this profile as needed must be recognized as a primary function of the physician at every patient encounter. 7) Acceptance of a standard for the computerized medical record now, before technology has matured and software diversified, will avoid a pitfall commonly experienced in other fields and save substantial healthcare funds. This standard should be geared to the needs of physicians and patients, not to the constraints of technology. The future of medical computing is bright. Obstacles to the practical use of the computerized medical record exist, but we may expect these to vanish within a few years. The great challenge to physicians now is to take this opportunity to control a new technology, rather than to be driven by it. The soul of good medicine is not in the equipment available, but in the rational and carefully thoughtout use of those tools at hand. We must recognize now the need for a uniform style of computerized medical record before the technological establishment besieges us with a flood of specialized, non-interchangeable, and expensive machines. Indeed, a bit of careful thought now as the foundation is laid can prevent the tangled confusion so typical of new technology. We have a golden opportunity to avoid a new round of escalating medical costs.
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1990 Mar
PMID:Computerized medical records: the need for a standard. 1010 22

The medical record practitioner must maintain proficiency in all areas related to coding and indexing of disease and operation information. This article presents evidence that there is confusion concerning the basic terminology used to designate such information. It appears that many practitioners have lost sight of the purpose in making the distinctions "primary" and "principal".
J Am Med Rec Assoc 1986 Dec
PMID:Usage of "principal" and "primary" designations in disease and operations indexes. 1027 95

Over many years, anatomical terminology has been the subject of much controversy and disagreement. Previously, the International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee has been responsible for the production of six editions of Nomina Anatomica. In 1989 a new committee, the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), was created by its parent body, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). FCAT has worked for 9 years and published Terminologia Anatomica (TA) in 1998. FCAT's aim has been to democratize the terminology and make it the internationally accepted, living language of anatomy. The worldwide adoption of the same terminology would eliminate national differences, which were causing extreme confusion in instances where the same structure was known by several names. The new terminology is thus the result of worldwide consultation and contains Latin and equivalent English terms. It is indexed in Latin and English and contains an index of eponyms in order to find the correct non-eponymous term. The future goal of FCAT is to continue to improve the terminology-new structures are described, different terms come into use, and the terminology needs to be expanded to include terms used by clinicians for structures that currently do not appear in the list. Future versions of the terminology must accommodate the needs of all who use it, both in the clinical and scientific worlds.
Anat Rec 1999 04 15
PMID:Terminologia anatomica: new terminology for the new anatomist. 1032 31


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