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Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a retrospective study covering a 13-year period and a population of 817,900 inhabitants, 13 cases of invasive infection caused by Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae were found. Ten of the infectious episodes were caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae and three by Haemophilus aphrophilus. The clinical manifestations comprised endocarditis, meningitis, pleuropneumonia, epiglottitis and septicaemia from an unknown focus. These 13 infectious episodes caused by uncommon Haemophilus species constituted less than 3% of the total number (473) of invasive Haemophilus infections registered during the same period of time. Invasive H. influenzae infections were more common in all age groups than infections caused by other Haemophilus species. In contrast to H. influenzae infections, which predominate in childhood, invasive infections due to uncommon Haemophilus species had no predilection for any age group.
Infection
PMID:Invasive infections caused by Haemophilus species other than Haemophilus influenzae. 387 45

In this study 80 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b from 60 patients were used to analyze if heterogeneous populations of ampicillin resistant and sensitive cells were simultaneously present within each strain and to determine how common this phenomenon was among clinical isolates. A total of 50 ampicillin sensitive clinical isolates were screened for resistance to this antibiotic. It was observed that 32 ampicillin sensitive strains did not contain resistant subpopulations. Furthermore, even with the inducement of resistant subgroups to proliferate under antibiotic-mediated selection using maximum subinhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, no subpopulations of resistant cells were discovered among 18 additional strains. In order to determine whether ampicillin resistance was stable in beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae clinical isolates, 20 strains from 16 patients were examined. No tendency to segregate into a heterogeneous population of sensitive and resistant clones was found. Furthermore, ampicillin resistance was still uniformly expressed after the treatment of ten strains with the curing agent acridine orange. These results suggest that after extensive evaluation no heterogeneous populations existed with ampicillin resistant and sensitive H. influenzae clinical isolates, indicating that this phenomenon is not a prevalent one.
Infection
PMID:Characterization of clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b for heterogeneous populations of susceptibility to ampicillin. 387 16

We are presenting a case of Legionella type I pneumonia, accidentally diagnosed by selective culture with simultaneous identification of pneumococci, meningococci and Hemophilus influenzae in the general sputum culture. A 35-year-old patient had been hospitalized with the typical signs of Legionnaires' disease (severe pneumonia with symptoms of cardiac, hepatic, renal, and cerebral involvement), following several days of prodromi. The routine sputum bacteriology according to DGHM standards first revealed pneumococci, meningococci and H. influenzae in significant numbers. Later, the special culture medium named after Edelstein (BMPA alpha-medium), routinely inoculated in our laboratory, grew Legionella pneumophila type I. Legionella type I-specific serum antibodies in IIFT confirmed the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease. After therapy with amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and cefoxitin, the temperature declined and laboratory as well as radiologic findings returned to normal. Without the culture of L. pneumophila from expectorated sputum, the diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease would not have been found.
Infection
PMID:[Legionella pneumophila pneumonia masked by simultaneous demonstration of further non-specific pneumonia pathogens]. 390 21

Cefotaxime (CTX) was administered to 117 pediatric patients. Although 26 of these patients were excluded from the clinical evaluation of the study because other antimicrobial agents were given concomitantly with CTX or because no infectious diseases were proved, these cases were evaluated for adverse effects of the drug. The remaining 91 cases were evaluated for clinical effect; pneumonia in 56 cases, septicemia in 5, suspected septicemia in 5, meningitis (aseptic cases included) in 3, urinary tract infection in 5 and other diseases in 17. No pathogenic organisms were identified in any of the pneumonia cases, even either by bacterial culture or other laboratory test methods. Pathogens of septicemia were E. coli in 3 cases, K. pneumoniae in 1 and E. agglomerans in 1. Those of urinary tract infections were E. coli in 3 cases, a mixed infection of S. aureus and an unidentified species of Gram-negative rods in 1, and unknown in 1. Clinical effectiveness rates of CTX were 78.6% in pneumonia and 100% in septicemia, suspected septicemia and urinary tract infections. One patient with purulent meningitis caused by H. influenzae was also treated with CTX successfully. Adverse reactions and abnormal laboratory findings were observed in 12 cases (12/117 = 10.3%); rash in 2 cases, vomiting in 1, abdominal pain in 1, diarrhea in 5, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia in 1, eosinophilia in 3 and elevation of liver enzymes (GOT and LDH) in 1.
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PMID:[Effectiveness of cefotaxime in pediatric infectious diseases]. 398 70

Clinical application to ascertain the effects of aspoxicillin (ASPC), a new semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic, upon several infectious diseases of children was performed in 7 cases with pneumonia, 5 cases with acute bronchitis, each case with tonsillitis, enterocolitis, urinary tract infection and suspected sepsis. ASPC was injected by drip infusion and the dosage was 63-117 mg/kg/day in 3 and 4 times a day. Clinical efficacy obtained as "excellent" was in 7 cases, "good" in 8 cases "poor" in 1 case, and efficacy rate was 93.8%. From the bacteriological point of view, eliminated in each of H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, group A beta-Streptococcus and unchanged in a case of E. coli. There were transient thrombocytopenia in 2 cases and eosinophilia in 3 cases.
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PMID:[The therapeutic effects of aspoxicillin on various infectious diseases in children]. 406 26

Sputum samples from 151 patients admitted to Roslagstull Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Stockholm, from Sept. 1978 through May 1979 with acute community-acquired lower respiratory tract disease and roentgenological evidence of acute pneumonia were examined by direct microscopy of gram-stained smears and semiquantitative culture. It was carefully noted if the specimen was collected before or after initiation of antibiotic therapy. For an estimate of the suitability of the samples for bacteriological examination 2 criteria were applied: (i) presence of alveolar macrophages, and (ii) purulence, i.e. a ratio leukocytes/squamous epithelial cells of greater than 5. The latter was found to be a good indicator of sample suitability, while the presence of macrophages was not. Of the 266 samples examined 76% were deemed purulent. Potentially pathogenic bacteria in numbers of greater than or equal to 10(5) colony forming units/ml were found in 67% of the purulent sputum samples obtained before antibiotic therapy but in only 36% if such treatment had already been started. Pneumococci were isolated from 52% of pre-treatment samples but from only 8% after treatment. H. influenzae was found as often in post-treatment samples (17%) as in pre-treatment ones (15%) and enteric gram-negative rods twice as often in post-treatment samples (11 vs. 6%). The use of gram-stained smears was a valuable aid in the interpretation of the culture results and the results could be made available to the clinician within minutes after receipt of the specimen. The results were in agreement with those of the cultures for about 75% of the purulent samples.
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PMID:Etiological diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia by gram stain and quantitative culture of expectorates. Leukocytes or alveolar macrophages as indicators of sample representativity. 619 93

Indirect evidence suggests that immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) proteases may be factors in the pathogenesis of certain infectious diseases, including meningitis, gonorrhoea, and destructive periodontitis. Bacterial IgA1 proteases are therefore potential candidates as vaccines. In this study, IgA1 proteases from 166 clinical isolates and reference strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus aegyptius were compared with regard to specific activity and pattern of enzyme inhibition by antisera raised against IgA1 protease from nine selected strains of H. influenzae. A total of 93% of H. influenzae strains and all H. aegyptius strains had detectable IgA1 protease activity. The majority of strains cleaved a prolyl-seryl or a prolyl-threonyl peptide bond in the alpha 1 hinge region, whereas occasional H. influenzae strains possessed two separate IgA1 proteases with these two specific activities. Of the 155 IgA1 protease-producing strains, all except 12 could be assigned to one of 14 IgA1 protease "inhibition types," each defined by a characteristic pattern of inhibition by the nine antisera. There was no correlation between IgA1 protease type and biotype of the strains. However, among 92 encapsulated H. influenzae strains, a close correlation between capsular serotype and IgA1 protease type was observed. With the exception of serotype f, strains of all capsular serotypes produced an exclusive antigenic type of IgA1 protease. All 38 strains of serotype b produced IgA1 protease of inhibition type 1, which was never demonstrated in non-encapsulated H. influenzae strains. These results facilitate the detection of an antibody response against specific IgA1 proteases and are of practical value for a possible future vaccine against H. influenzae serotype b infections.
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PMID:Antigenic heterogeneity of immunoglobulin A1 proteases from encapsulated and non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae. 619 13

The successful development and implementation of rational strategies for the prevention of bacterial meningitis should be facilitated by acquiring a more detailed knowledge of its pathophysiology. We have used a biologically relevant rat model of meningitis in conjunction with classical microbial genetics and recombinant DNA technology to investigate the molecular basis of Haemophilus influenzae pathogenicity. These studies aim to define how specific bacterial genes mediate the potential of H. influenzae to colonize the nasopharynx, disseminate within the blood stream and invade the central nervous system. By identifying the state or stages in the pathogenic sequence for which the determinant is critical, this approach should also provide insight into the relevant host defense mechanisms which determine resistance or susceptibility. An understanding of the genetic basis of H. influenzae pathogenicity may develop basic knowledge relevant to the treatment and prevention of bacterial meningitis.
Infection 1984
PMID:Pathogenesis of meningitis: experimental studies on the molecular basis of Haemophilus influenzae infection. 624 9

This review has concentrated on clinical syndromes for which a congenital basis of polymorphonuclear neutrophil dysfunction has been identified. The first clinical syndrome found to be associated with dysfunctional polymorphs was chronic granulomatous disease of childhood. Identification of a cellular defect in oxidative metabolism and microbicidal activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with CGD stimulated intense investigation of the function of phagocytes in several clinical entities characterized by increased susceptibility to infection. Other diseases with a probable congenital basis for polymorph dysfunction include Chediak-Higashi syndrome, myeloperoxidase deficiency, severe glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and Down's syndrome. Functional defects have also been identified in neutrophils with morphologic abnormalities, such as the Pelger-Huet anomaly and the May-Hegglin anomaly, and in neutrophils without alkaline phosphatase or with a disorder of the glutathione system. The evidence for a relation between these cellular disorders and susceptibility to infection is tentative. Patients with congenital disorders of polymorphonuclear neutrophil microbicidal function frequently suffer prolonged infections in spite of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and severe lesions recur with discouraging frequency. These lesions are usually soft tissue or bone abscesses, and the etiologic agents are typically staphylococci, gram-negative enteric species, or fungi. The infectious disease problems of patients with phagocytic cell disorders are usually quite distinct from the problems of patients without immunoglobulins or with complement deficiency. Patients with agammaglobulinemia, for example, suffer recurrent septicemia or meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumonia or H. influenzae. Septicemia, especially with the pyogenic bacterial species, is unusual in patients with polymorphoinuclear dysfunction. A major contribution of the currently intense investigation of cells from patients with congenital disorders of phagocyte function has been the greatly increased understanding of the molecular events necessary for the normal function of these cells. The role of the oxidative metabolic burst during phagocytosis has been clearly identified as essential to the microbicidal function of polymorphs and monocytes, and the glutathione system has been identified as essential to the regulation of these oxidative reactions. It is anticipated that these studies may lead to practical methods for "stimulating the phagocytes" in patients with increased susceptibility to infection.
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PMID:Congenital disorders of the function of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. 625 30

We analyzed data from a 14-year longitudinal study of respiratory infections in young children to determine the relative importance of viral respiratory infection and nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae as factors influencing the occurrence of acute otitis media with effusion. The incidence of this disorder was increased in children with viral respiratory infections (average relative risk, 3.2; P less than 0.0001). Infection with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus (type A or B), and adenovirus conferred a greater risk of otitis media than did infection with parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, or rhinovirus. Colonization of the nasopharynx with Str. pneumoniae or H. influenzae had a lesser effect on the incidence of the disease (average relative risk; 1.5; P less than 0.01). Infections with the viruses more closely associated with acute otitis media (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, and influenza A or B) were correlated with an increased risk of recurrent disease. Prevention of selected otitis-associated viral infections should reduce the incidence of this disease.
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PMID:A longitudinal study of respiratory viruses and bacteria in the etiology of acute otitis media with effusion. 628 39


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