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Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Resistance of young chicks to Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was substantially increased by early exposure to native gut microflora. Protection was demonstrated against two human isolates and a chicken isolate of C. fetus subsp. jejuni. Significant protection against the chicken isolate was observed throughout a 91-day test period. Infection reached 100% (25/25) in the untreated group at 56 days of age and only 4% (1/25) in the group treated with native gut microflora. Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni was isolated from the ceca and less frequently from the gall bladder and liver of chicks that actively shed the bacteria. Cultures of feces from chicks reared on wood-shavings litter were often negative, suggesting that culturing litter as an indicator of infection has limited value.
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PMID:Comparative studies on competitive exclusion of three isolates of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in chickens by native gut microflora. 672 92

Data are presented that support the conclusion that serum IgA functions as a regulatory Ig that modulates activation of complement by bacteria entering the circulation in showers of low inoculum from mucosal sites of colonization, and that preserves the antigenic mass by shunting such low inocula into macrophages and away from polymorphonuclear leukocytes, thus permitting immunologic processing. This regulation is an integral part of the physiologic immune response to environmental antigens and occurs during the peripheralization of the IgA response following stimulation of Peyer's patches and their analog in the lung. Down-regulation of complement mediated immune effector mechanisms by circulating IgA is balanced delicately. Pathologic states that increase the level of circulating IgA or decrease the phagocytic capacity of the monocyte/macrophage compartment may result in an oligospecific increase in susceptibility to bacterial dissemination. Fortuitous, co-temporal colonization of both gut and distal mucosal lymphoid tissue may result in augmentation of the serum IgA response to levels which induce monospecific susceptibility. This latter mechanism appears to account for the epidemic acquisition of susceptibility to disseminated meningococcal disease. A model of the relation of serum IgA to other components of mucosal immunity is presented.
Infection 1982
PMID:Serum IgA: modulation of complement activation and induction of susceptibility to bacterial dissemination. 681 69

Cefoxitin was administered intravenously to 11 patients undergoing colorectal surgery; the initial dose was 2 g given at the induction of anesthesia followed by two 2 g doses at intervals of six hours. Serum samples and faecal specimens were taken to determine the cefoxitin concentrations. Tissue samples from the gut wall were obtained at surgery. The serum concentrations 15 min after administration ranged from 106.6 to 664.0 mg/l [mean: 295.8 +/- 61.0 (SE) mg/l]. Cefoxitin concentrations in the faecal samples were between 0 and 57.7 mg/kg. Cefoxitin concentrations in the tissue samples varied from 9.0 to 68.3 mg/kg. Faecal samples were also obtained during the investigation period for the cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Enterobacteria decreased and enterococci increased during the first two days. Anaerobic cocci and gram-negative rods also decreased during the same period. The colonic microflora returned to normal after two weeks in all patients and no new colonizing cefoxitin-resistant bacteria were isolated. No postoperative infections occurred.
Infection
PMID:The effect of short-term cefoxitin prophylaxis on the colonic microflora in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. 681 52

Germ-free mice develop low levels of delayed hypersensitivity following exposure to sensitizing doses of sheep erythrocytes, compared to that seen in conventionally raised mice. Infection of the germ-free animal with either Salmonella gallinarum or Salmonella pullorum was followed by extensive growth of the organisms within the intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid organs. As many as 5,000 viable Salmonellae were recovered from the cecal and ileal Peyer's patches as well as the mesenteric lymph nodes. However, neither strain spread significantly beyond the lymph nodes to the blood stream or to the liver and spleen. The gnotobiotic mice developed significant levels of delayed hypersensitivity to the Salmonella protein antigen and could be more readily sensitized to sheep erythrocytes than the germ-free host, despite the fact that Salmonellae were only able to infect the gut-associated lymphoid tissues.
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PMID:Development of delayed hypersensitivity in gnotobiotic mice. 696 76

Giardia Lamblia is considered as the most important cause of parasitic diarrhoea in children and adults. The epidemiology of the infection is determined by environmental and regional factors. The sensitivity of man for this infection depends on factors related to man himself and his environment. Structural changes of the gut such as cellular infiltration and villous atrophy, and functional derangements like malabsorption can explain part of the symptoms. The application of different procedures for the parasitological diagnosis with a variable degree of sensitivity is the cause of difference in recorded prevalence data. This infectious disease can be treated with a number of drugs; single dose treatment is to be preferred especially in childhood. Results of treatment i.a. with a single dose ornidazole are reported.
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PMID:[Giardiasis]. 726 56

The Yersinia pseudotuberculosis inv gene encodes invasin, a 103-kDa outer membrane protein allowing bacteria to penetrate mammalian cells. This protein is produced in vitro at below 30 degrees C. In this work, we studied the antibody response against invasin in humans suffering from yersiniosis and in mice orally infected with a virulent strain of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Infection with enteropathogenic Yersinia strains did not induce either a systemic or a gut antibody response to invasin. Our results suggest that the inv gene is not expressed in the gut at 37 degrees C and, therefore, that invasin is not present to the immune system when microorganisms multiply in the host tissues.
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PMID:Lack of antibody response to invasin in humans with yersiniosis. 749 52

Human urinary tract infection is an infectious disease that depends on a series of host-microbial interactions. The bacteria first colonize the colon and then the periurethral/vaginal areas; they ascend to and infect first the bladder and then the kidneys. Expression of Escherichia coli P-fimbriae constitutes the strongest correlation to renal pathogenicity, but is also related to first-time cystitis in children. The role of P-fimbriae in the preceding steps in the infectious process is unknown. To examine this, we constructed, from a P-fimbriated E. coli strain with a class II G-adhesin preferentially binding to globoside, one isogenic mutant lacking the G-adhesin and another isogenic mutant in which we replaced the papG class II allele with a class III adhesin preferentially binding to the Forssman antigen. We report here the comparison of the adhesin knockout mutant (DS17-8) and the class-switch mutant (DS17-1) with the wild-type (DS17) for in vivo colonization of the gut, vagina, and bladder of cynomolgus monkeys. It was recently shown that the class II tip G-adhesin is a prerequisite for acute pyelonephritis to occur in the monkey model in the absence of other kidney-specific adhesins or obstruction of the urinary flow. Here we show that it is not required for bladder infection but gives a competitive advantage in mixed infections. In the vagina and colon, the G-adhesin gives no competitive advantage.
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PMID:The PapG-adhesin at the tip of P-fimbriae provides Escherichia coli with a competitive edge in experimental bladder infections of cynomolgus monkeys. 750 14

An association between inflammatory bowel disease and enteroarthritis and the spondyloarthropathies has been known of for a while. Within the past few years, ileocolonic studies have expanded the diagnostic accuracy of asymptomatic gut inflammation, and it now seems evident that chronic gut inflammation is either associated with or is even the cause of chronicity of peripheral arthritis and the development of ankylosing spondylitis. This situation, previously studied in adult patients, now appears also to affect pediatric patients with spondyloarthropathies, who seem to have similar genetic and inflammatory bowel findings. Chronic infection in the gut has been demonstrated in Whipple's disease. Analogously, infection or immunologic aberrations probably contribute to chronicity in other forms of spondyloarthropathy. Infection also might be involved, at least partly in attacks of uveitis, but activation of immunologic mechanisms can mediate tissue destruction during eye inflammation.
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PMID:Enteropathic arthritis, Whipple's disease, juvenile spondyloarthropathy, and uveitis. 752 Jul 27

Before oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was developed, intravenous fluid therapy was the mainstay of fluid therapy for diarrheal dehydration. The following early observations, however, formed the scientific basis for the discovery of ORT: a group of physiologists observed that glucose enhances the absorption of sodium and water across the intestinal brush-border membrane of experimental animals and that no morphological changes occur in the gut epithelium of cholera patients. Captain Phillips of the US Army in 1964 first successfully tried oral glucose saline on two cholera patients. Following this, scientists working at the Cholera Research Laboratory, Dhaka, and the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, contributed to the development of modern oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution. The efficacy of standard ORS was first demonstrated by Pierce et al and others during 1965-69. During the Bangladesh liberation war, Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis showed the efficacy of ORS in cholera cases among Bangladeshi refugees (1971-72) and Sircar et al in 1978 demonstrated the efficacy of ORS in a cholera epidemic in Manipur. De et al in 1974 and Chatterjee et al in 1978 convincingly demonstrated the efficacy of ORS in children with diarrhea including cholera. Based upon this information, the World Health Organization in 1978 launched the global diarrheal diseases control program with ORS at its heart and the short-term objective of reducing mortality due to diarrhea. The safety and efficacy of WHO-ORS containing 90 mmol/liter of sodium for neonates was not demonstrated until 1979 at which time Dr. Daniel Pizarrow and colleagues showed the WHO-ORS was effective even for neonates with dehydrating diarrhea and safe if used along with plain water in a 2:1 regimen. To avoid confusing illiterate mothers in developing countries, Dutta et al and Roy et al in 1984 reported the safety and simplicity of uninterrupted breastfeeding together with breastfeeding. Further findings were produced on the optimal salt content of ORS for severely malnourished children. Studies with their corresponding findings have continued since then, with current efforts focused upon developing a treatment for diarrhea using the role of short chain fatty acids in acute watery diarrhea.
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PMID:History of development of oral rehydration therapy. 753 Jun 95

Withering syndrome (WS) is an epizootic fatal wasting disease that is devastating California Channel Island populations of black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. Our studies suggest a strong pathogen-disease association. The pathogen is an intracellular prokaryote that infects epithelial cells lining the gut and enzyme secreting cells of the digestive diverticula. It multiplies by binary fission in round to oval, basophilic, membrane-bound colonies teeming in the cytoplasm. Infection of the digestive diverticula is accompanied by a complete loss of digestive enzyme granules and metaplasia of enzyme secretory cells to a morphology similar to epithelium lining the gut. Extensive infection of digestive diverticular cells and the resultant deficiency in digestive enzymes correlates to the degree of pedal muscle atrophy and the severity of signs associated with WS. Electron microscopically the intracellular pathogen is a rod-shaped, ribosome-rich, gram-negative, prokaryote with a trilaminar cell wall consistent with the order Rickettsiales. Microbiological and protozoological methods produced no patterns that implicated other types of microbes. Chemical analysis of tissue from animals from a population with WS did not support an association between WS and environmental pollutant exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, or chlorinated pesticides.
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PMID:Association of prokaryotes with symptomatic appearance of withering syndrome in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. 759 33


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