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Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The case of a patient with a newly diagnosed HIV infection and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is presented. Despite treatment with high-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and prednisone with initial improvement, the patient acutely deteriorated with severe acidosis and died on the 4th day of hospitalization. Cryptococcus neoformans grew the next day in broncheoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood culture. As simultaneous presence of more than one opportunistic infection can occur in these patients, systematic workup for other common opportunistic infections must be performed.
Infection 2002 Oct
PMID:Fatal sepsis in an AIDS patient during therapy for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 1238 94

There has been a growing rate of resistance among common urinary tract pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, to traditional antimicrobial therapies including the "gold standard" trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Consequently, fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents have taken on an expanding management role for UTIs. In fact, the recent Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical management guidelines for UTI recommend fluoroquinolones as first-line therapy for uncomplicated UTI in areas where resistance is likely to be of concern. Fluoroquinolones have demonstrated high bacteriologic and clinical cure rates, as well as low rates of resistance, among most common uropathogens. There are currently 7 fluoroquinolones with indications for UTI in the United States. However, only 3 are commonly used: levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and, to a lesser extent, gatifloxacin. Many of the fluoroquinolone agents have once-daily dosing regimens, enhancing patient adherence. In addition, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin have same-dose bioequivalency between their intravenous and oral formulations, allowing for "switch" or step-down therapy from parenteral to oral formulations of the same agent at the same dose. Fluoroquinolones are indicated for the management of acute uncomplicated UTIs, as well as complicated and severe UTI and pyelonephritis, in adults. They are the first-line treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in patients who cannot tolerate sulfonamides or TMP, who live in geographic areas with known resistance >10% to 20% to TMP-SMX, or who have risk factors for such resistance. Fluoroquinolone properties include a broad spectrum of coverage, low rates of resistance, and good safety profiles.
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PMID:The expanding role of fluoroquinolones. 1260 42

A case of disseminated infection with Nocardia asteroides in a 55-year-old immunocompetent woman after mild trauma to the arm is reported. Secondary dissemination was identified in the skin, right kidney, liver, peritoneal cavity, lungs and thigh. The patient was successfully treated with surgical drainage and a 9-week course of antibiotics including cefotaxime, amikacin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) and doxycycline. The administration of TMP/SMX in combination with doxycycline was clinically beneficial despite in vitro resistance.
Infection 2003 Mar
PMID:Disseminated Nocardia asteroides infection in an immunocompetent woman following an arm injury. 1268 17

I.v.-to-p.o. switch therapy has become the mainstay of antibiotic therapy for the majority of patients. I.v.-to-p.o. switch therapy is inappropriate for critically ill patients who require i.v. antibiotic therapy and should not be considered in patients who have the inability to absorb drugs. These exceptions constitute a very small percentage of hospitalized patients for which i.v.-to-p.o. switch therapy is ideal. I.v.-to-p.o. switch therapy is best achieved with antibiotics that have high bioavailability that result in the same blood and tissue concentrations of antibiotic as their intravenous counterpart and have few gastrointestinal side effects. Antibiotics ideal for i.v.-to-p.o. switch programs include chloramphenicol, clindamycin, metronidazole, TMP-SMX, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, doxycycline, minocycline, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin and linezolid. Antibiotics that may be used in i.v.-to-p.o. switch programs that have lower bioavailability but are effective include beta-lactams and macrolides. For antibiotics with no oral formulation, e.g., carbapenems, equivalent coverage must be provided with an oral antibiotic from an unrelated class. Excluding gastrointestinal malabsorptive disorders, disease state is not a determinant of suitability for i.v.-to-p.o. switch programs. I.v.-to-p.o. switch programs should be used in patients with any infectious disease disorder for which there is effective oral therapy and is not limited to certain infectious diseases. Oral absorption of antibiotics is near normal in all but the most critically ill patients. Therefore, even in sick, hospitalized individuals, p.o. therapy is appropriate. I.v-to-p.o. switch therapy has several important advantages including decreasing drug cost (i.v. vs. p.o.), decreasing length of stay permitting earlier discharge and optimal reimbursement and decreasing or eliminating i.v. line phlebitis and sepsis with its cost implications. Clinicians should consider all patients, except the most critically ill or those unable to absorb oral medications, as candidates for treatment for most or all of their antibiotic treatment with oral antibiotics. (c) 2001 Prous Science. All rights reserved.
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PMID:Intravenous to oral antibiotic switch therapy. 1276 19

Pneumococcal pneumonia and meningitis are common infectious disease problems in people who are HIV seropositive in southern Africa. For many years two inexpensive antibiotics, penicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) had been effective in treatment, but recently resistance to these agents has been reported from many parts of the world. This study was designed to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns in invasive pneumococci from hospital patients in Harare, Zimbabwe. A total of 160 isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from blood cultures and CSF cultures were examined. The isolates came from adults and children in hospital in Harare between 1994 and 2000. The majority of isolates came from HIV positive adults (74%) and children (75%). Isolates of pneumococci with an MIC of 1.0 mg/l or more were first seen in 1997 and by 2000 they made up 35% of all isolates. Significantly more isolates from HIV seropositive patients (50%) showed reduced susceptibility to penicillin compared with isolates from HIV seronegative patients (16%), and high level resistance (MIC 1.0 mg/l or higher) was found in 16% isolates from HIV positive patients compared with 6% isolates from HIV seronegative patients. Resistance to TMP-SMX was common, with more than 50% isolates from HIV positive and HIV negative patients having reduced susceptibility to this antibiotic combination.
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PMID:Rapid emergence of resistance to penicillin and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole in invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Zimbabwe. 1279 69

We describe a 58-year-old patient with relapsing high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma who exhibited exacerbation of posthypoxic action myoclonus during high-dose intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) treatment for highly suspicious Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP). Three months previously the patient had experienced a hypoxic insult caused by respiratory arrest due to an anaphylactic reaction to antibiotic therapy. He had developed posthypoxic action myoclonus (Lance-Adams syndrome), which was well controlled by oral treatment with piracetam. However, after TMP-SMX therapy (115 mg/kg daily) was started for suspicion of newly developed PCP, posthypoxic action myoclonus worsened dramatically resulting in complete disability. Anti-myoclonic therapy with increased doses of piracetam and valproic acid did not significantly improve his clinical condition. Only when TMPSMX doses were reduced (38 mg/kg daily) on day 12 did action myoclonus cease within 2 to 3 days. We suggest that TMP-SMX can exacerbate posthypoxic action myoclonus.
Infection 2004 Jun
PMID:Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole exacerbates posthypoxic action myoclonus in a patient with suspicion of Pneumocystis jiroveci infection. 1518 79

The use of oral prophylactic antibiotics in oncology patients is still a matter of debate. A systematic review was performed to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of oral prophylactic antibiotics to decrease bacteraemia and infection-related mortality in oncology patients during neutropenic episodes. Medline, Embase and the Cochrane register of controlled trials were searched from 1966 until 2002. The main outcome was the number of patients with documented bacteraemia (Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteraemia) and infection related mortality. Data-extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two reviewers. A total of 22 trials met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen trials compared prophylaxis (quinolones or Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ)) to no prophylaxis. The incidence of Gram-negative bacteraemia decreased significantly (pooled OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.24-0.62) without an increase in Gram-positive bacteraemia. Quinolone-based regimens showed a stronger reduction in Gram-negative bacteraemia while TMP/SMZ based regimens were more effective in Gram-positive bacteraemia. Infection related mortality due to bacterial causes decreased with the use of prophylactic antibiotics (pooled OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.27-0.88). No increase in fungaemia or fungal related mortality was seen with the use of oral prophylaxis. In conclusion, this study has shown that oral prophylactic antibiotics decreased Gram-negative bacteraemia and infection related mortality due to bacterial causes during neutropenic episodes in oncology patients.
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PMID:Efficacy of oral prophylactic antibiotics in neutropenic afebrile oncology patients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. 1591 83

In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the most common cause of focal intracranial lesion is Toxoplasma gondii infection. T. gondii encephalitis is an easily and effectively treatable disease, with promising outcomes. T. gondii has the potential to form a focal infection niche anywhere in the central nervous system, thus allowing for a colorful clinical picture. In this report, we attempted to present five HIV/AIDS cases with central nervous system toxoplasmosis demonstrating five different neurological presentations. The ages, gender and clinical findings of the patients who were admitted to our Infectious Diseases Clinics were as follows; 35 years old male patient with delirium, 49 years old male patient with focal dystony, 32 years old female patient with facial paralysis and monoparalysis, 53 years old male patient with Wernicke syndrome, 32 years old male patient with epilepsy. Cerebral toxoplasmosis were diagnosed by clinical findings and imaging techniques. The patients were treated with trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (TMP-SMZ) and haloperidol, only TMP-SMZ, clindamycin and daraprim, TMP-SMZ and levotiracetam, TMP-SMZ and phenytoin, respectively, with recovery in neurological and radiological symptoms. In conclusion, until proven otherwise, HIV/AIDS patients presenting with focal neurological complaints should be accepted as having central nervous system toxoplasmosis.
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PMID:[The colorful clinical spectrum of cerebral toxoplasmosis in five HIV positive cases: what comes out of Pandora's box?]. 1677 62

Infection with Shigella sonnei that is resistant to antibiotics commonly used in pediatric practice has become more common during the past decade. In 2005, Kansas, Kentucky, and Missouri reported increases in shigellosis cases associated with day care centers caused predominantly by multidrug-resistant (MDR) (i.e., resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [TMP/SMX]) strains of S. sonnei. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns for isolates from Kansas and Missouri were similar, suggesting a common outbreak in the Kansas City area, whereas isolates from Kentucky had a different pattern. This report describes the investigation of two outbreaks of MDR shigellosis associated with day care centers and reviews measures for prevention and control of S. sonnei infection in these settings. Given the current rates of resistance to antibiotics available to treat children with shigellosis safely, public health measures initiated during shigellosis outbreaks should focus on promoting appropriate handwashing and diapering practices in day care centers.
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PMID:Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei gastroenteritis associated with day care centers--Kansas, Kentucky, and Missouri, 2005. 1702 92

Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia (PCP) is a serious opportunistic infection in children and adolescents with cancer. It was the most common cause of death among children receiving chemotherapy prior to the inclusion of PCP prophylaxis as part of standard care for children with leukemia. The incidence of PCP has decreased significantly since initiation of prophylaxis; however, breakthrough cases continue to occur. Hematologic malignancies, brain tumors necessitating prolonged corticosteroid therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, prolonged neutropenia, and lymphopenia are the most important risk factors for PCP in children not infected with HIV. Of children with leukemia, 15-20% may develop PCP in the absence of prophylaxis. Infection with P. jiroveci occurs early in life in most individuals. However, clinically apparent disease occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised persons. Dyspnea, cough, hypoxia, and fever are the most common presenting symptoms of PCP. Chest radiography and high-resolution CT scans of the chest demonstrate a characteristic ground-glass pattern. Induced sputum analysis and bronchoalveolar lavage are the diagnostic procedures of choice. Gomori's methenamine-silver stain, Geimsa or Wright's stain, and monoclonal immunofluorescent antibody stains are most commonly used to make a diagnosis. However, identification of P. jiroveci DNA using polymerase chain reaction assays in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is more sensitive. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ; cotrimoxazole) is the recommended drug for the treatment of PCP. Patients who are intolerant of TMP-SMZ or who have not responded to treatment after 5-7 days of therapy with TMP-SMZ should be treated with pentamidine. A short course of corticosteroids is recommended for moderate to severe cases of PCP within the first 72 hours after diagnosis. Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthetase gene may confer resistance to TMP-SMZ; however, the clinical relevance of these mutations is not well established. TMP-SMZ is the most commonly used agent for prophylaxis. Myelosuppression is the most important adverse effect of TMP-SMZ and the most frequent cause for choosing alternative prophylactic agents in children undergoing chemotherapy. Alternative agents for chemoprophylaxis include dapsone, aerosolized pentamidine, and atovaquone. Alternative prophylactic agents must be used in patients developing myelosuppression secondary to TMP-SMZ or dapsone.
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PMID:Management of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in children receiving chemotherapy. 1792 2


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