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Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A general model is proposed for the time taken by a subject to catch an infectious disease when there may be treatment intervention during the exposure time. Particular specifications are then made in order to apply the model to some recent data on the infectivity of whooping cough within the family.
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PMID:An analysis of resistance times to infection under treatment. 646 53

This paper uses the techniques of time series analysis (autocorrelation and spectral analysis) to examine oscillatory secular trends in the incidence of infectious diseases and the impact of mass vaccination programmes on these well-documented phenomena. We focus on three common childhood diseases: pertussis and mumps (using published disease-incidence data for England and Wales) and measles (using data from England and Wales, Scotland, North America and France). Our analysis indicates highly statistically significant seasonal and longer-term cycles in disease incidence in the prevaccination era. In general, the longer-term fluctuations (a 2-year period for measles, 3-year periods for pertussis and mumps) account for most of the cyclical variability in these data, particularly in the highly regular measles series for England and Wales. After vaccination, the periods of the longer-term oscillations tend to increase, an observation which corroborates theoretical predictions. Mass immunization against measles (which reduces epidemic fluctuations) magnifies the relative importance of the seasonal cycles. By contrast, we show that high levels of vaccination against whooping cough in England and Wales appear to have suppressed the annual cycle.
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PMID:Oscillatory fluctuations in the incidence of infectious disease and the impact of vaccination: time series analysis. 651 59

Infection of mouse tracheal organ culture with Bordetella pertussis resulted in ciliostasis within 36 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that B. pertussis attached exclusively to ciliated cells but did not induce expulsion of this cell type at a test interval of 48 h. Mouse oviduct organ culture infected with B. pertussis demonstrated the same strict tropism for ciliated cells as in the tracheal ring system. Only ciliated cells were parasitized, becoming heavily colonized 48 h postinfection. Infected ciliated oviduct cells were not extruded. A fixation method which enhances fine structure was used in the scanning electron microscope studies. Bacterial fimbriae were not observed as the method of attachment of B. pertussis to cilia but fine fibers were seen extending between cilia and bacterial cells.
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PMID:Scanning electron microscopy of mouse ciliated oviduct and tracheal epithelium infected in vitro with Bordetella pertussis. 685 Apr 22

The virulence of 17 isolates of Bordetella bronchiseptica from 13 pig herds was compared by intranasal infection of gnotobiotic piglets and LD50 tests on mice. Of 59 piglets given 8.1-10-5 log 10 colony-forming units (cfu) of isolates from two herds with atrophic rhinitis (AR isolates) or isolates from six unaffected herds (non-AR isolates), 16 died of acute pneumonia; the survivors developed non-progressive turbinate hypoplasia and chronic pneumonia. Infection of 11 piglets with c. 3.0 log to cfu of three AR isolates or three non-AR isolates caused turbinate hypoplasia, but only slight pneumonia and no deaths. There were no significant differences between the virulence of AR and non-AR isolates in piglets. In LD50 tests in mice, there were no significant differences between the results from six AR isolates and six non-AR isolates, or from toxin prepared from two AR isolates and one non-AR isolates was fairly uniform, and that other factors must be responsible for the occurrence of progressive lesions of atrophic rhinitis in some but not all infected herds.
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PMID:Virulence of Bordetella bronchiseptica from pigs with or without atrophic rhinitis. 714 18

The microorganisms responsible for the production of an infection may be considered to be in two classes: classical microbes and host-defined microbes. Classical microbes are those pathogens which fulfill the Koch-Henle postulates, and their isolation from a host indicates infection. They are not normally part of the body's normal flora, although they may be acquired by the host and enter into a passive relationship known as the carrier state. Examples of this type of microbe are Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (plague), and Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough). Pathogens that require specific hosts have largely replaced the classical pathogen as a cause of infection in hospitalized patients. Especially in recent years, with the advent of new modes of anticancer treatment and the general ability of the medical community to extent a patient's life span by chemotherapy and innovative surgery, the contribution to morbidity and mortality by microbes has substantially increased. These host-specific pathogens are largely part of the body's normal flora. It is incumbent upon the clinical microbiologist to be able to distinguish the patient's normal microbial load, an increased load due to physiological factors, but not representing infection, and a significant change from normal which should be considered infection. The ability to distinguish infection from noninfection is one of the prime responsibilities of the clinical microbiology laboratory and has contributed to the development of the infectious disease subspecialty of internal medicine. This article will examine a critical question: Is there a relationship between the numbers of microorganisms isolated from a specimen and the production of infection, and, if so, does this relationship vary for the different anatomical sites of the body?
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PMID:Methods of quantitative microbiological analyses that support the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of human infection. 727 38

In the CSSR Socialist Public Health has considerably restricted the existence of the so-called classical infectious diseases by the consequent introduction of effective protective vaccinations, but also by a series of further measures. By this means, however, the fight against infections has not yet been finished. New pathogens of infections are recognized, changed social conditions and modern therapeutic methods led to the occurrence of infections which were formerly not known. In detail a survey was given on presence, diagnostics and therapy of diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, scarlet fever and erysipelas, bacterial meningitides, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, enteritis-salmonelloses, bacterial dysentery and other diarrhoeas as well as leptospiroses, tularaemia, brucellosis and ornithosis.
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PMID:[Classical bacterial infections in the CSR]. 740

Microbial adherence to epithelial cell surfaces has been implicated as the first step in the initiation of several infectious diseases. The ability of antibiotics to affect the properties of bacterial adherence to cell surfaces may be a criterion in selecting antibiotics for therapy. This study was performed in order to investigate the activity of amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and clarithromycin in modifying the adhering activity of Bordetella pertussis to human epithelial cells. The actions of antibiotics, alone or combined with aprotinin, were compared with that of trypsin, aprotinin and trypsin+aprotinin, to investigate the chemical nature of the ligand where antibiotics could act. The adhering activity was evaluated on human epithelial cells, collected from the oral mucosa, challenged with B. pertussis A2963 previously incubated in the presence of the tested substances for 1 h at 37 degrees C in a shaker incubator. After staining, the percentage of mucosal cells with more than 50 adhering bacteria was evaluated. Under the described experimental conditions, trypsin significantly reduced the adherence of B. pertussis. Aprotinin had no effect but was able to counteract the inhibitory action of trypsin. Both clarithromycin and chloramphenicol markedly reduced adhering activity and their actions were not counteracted by aprotinin. Amoxicillin was without effect. It was hypothesized that chloramphenicol and clarithromycin, exerting their antimicrobial action by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, affected bacterial adhesion through an unknown mechanism without proteolytic effect.
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PMID:Effect of antibiotics on Bordetella pertussis adhering activity: hypothesis regarding mechanism of action. 751 82

The pathogenesis of many infectious diseases is critically determined by prokaryotic lectins which enable differential recognition and activation of targeted eukaryotic cells. Some bacterial adhesins mimic and co-opt eukaryotic cell-cell adhesion motifs. This is illustrated by the toxin of Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis toxin mediates intoxication of eukaryotic cells by elevation of cAMP and it serves as an adhesin binding the bacteria to ciliated cells and respiratory macrophages. These activities are mediated by the lectin-like properties of the binding oligomer of the toxin. A comparison of pertussis toxin and the selectins involved in leukocyte trafficking indicates that these prokaryotic and eukaryotic C-type lectins share some element of primary sequence similarity, three dimensional structure, and biological activities. Such mimicry suggests a link between eukaryotic cell-cell adhesion motifs and microbial pathogenesis.
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PMID:Lectin domains in the toxin of Bordetella pertussis: selectin mimicry linked to microbial pathogenesis. 753 38

New acellular whooping cough vaccines may have the effect of leading us to forget that infectious diseases such as whooping cough have declined in the context of particular historical, social conditions and persist in the context of particular types of social inequalities. The debates over the existence of damage from whole-cell whooping cough vaccine, and the respective risks of the vaccine and the disease are still unresolved owing to methodological limitations of studies on both sides of the argument. One-sided health 'education' campaigns on whooping cough vaccine have questionable ethics, and suppression of dissenting views is counterproductive. Health professionals and parents have a right to know the political context of the debate.
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PMID:Whooping-cough vaccination: historical, social and political controversies. 770 82

For at least a decade after the licensure of vaccines to prevent major childhood diseases, incidence of these diseases decreased. However, in the mid-to-late-1980s, four major childhood illnesses showed increases in the number of cases and the case rate, and the United States experienced epidemics of measles, mumps, rubella and whooping cough. The measles epidemic was the most severe of the four with over 55,000 cases, 11,000 hospitalizations, and 130 deaths reported across the country between 1989 and 1991. Children were hit the hardest by these epidemics. Predating these epidemics was a decline in the immunization levels of 2-year-olds. This decline coincided with vaccine price increases, an increase in the percentage of children in poverty and a decline in the rate of poor children receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Medicaid. An estimated 100,000 excess cases of disease resulted from the low levels of immunization and consequent epidemics. While immunization rates have increased in recent years, it is important to continue our progress in this area in order to protect children from vaccine-preventable infectious diseases.
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PMID:Vaccine-preventable illness in U.S. children 1980-1992. 781 67


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