Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The new oral cephalosporins cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten demonstrate enhanced activity against Enterobacteriaceae susceptible to the established compounds as well (e.g. cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefadroxil). In addition, cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten include in their spectrum species hitherto resistant to oral cephalosporins (Proteus vulgaris, Providencia spp., Yersinia enterocolitica). Besides, the majority of these compounds demonstrate relevant activity (MIC50 equal to or below 2 mg/l) against Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Serratia spp. and Morganella morganii. Ceftibuten is the most potent oral cephalosporin against most of the Enterobacteriaceae. Non-fermentative bacilli (Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp.) remain completely resistant to oral cephalosporins (except some Acinetobacter species against cefdinir and Pseudomonas cepacia against ceftibuten). Antistaphylococcal activity for oral cephalosporins is highest for cefdinir followed by BAY 3522, cefprozil, cefuroxime and cefpodoxime. Loracarbef, cefaclor and cefadroxil are about equally active, while the other compounds are only weakly active (cefixime) or inactive (cefetamet, ceftibuten). Enterococci are insensitive to new generation oral cephalosporins as they have been to established compounds. The most active oral cephalosporins against hemolytic streptococci are cefdinir and cefprozil. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus mitior are most susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefdinir, cefuroxime and BAY 3522. Penicillin resistant pneumococci have to be regarded as resistant to all oral cephalosporins. Fastidious pathogens like Haemophilus spp., Moraxella catarrhalis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are more susceptible to cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten than to the other oral cephalosporins. The activity of oral cephalosporins is only weak against Listeria spp., Helicobacter pylori and anaerobic pathogens (except BAY 3522). Bordetella pertussis remains resistant to all absorbable cephalosporins. Progress in antibacterial activity of oral cephalosporins was mainly achieved by cefpodoxime, cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet and ceftibuten against Enterobacteriaceae and the fastidious pathogens and against staphylococci and the nonenterococcal streptococci by cefdinir, BAY 3522, cefprozil and cefpodoxime.
Infection
PMID:Antibacterial activity of cefpodoxime in comparison with cefixime, cefdinir, cefetamet, ceftibuten, loracarbef, cefprozil, BAY 3522, cefuroxime, cefaclor and cefadroxil. 180 Mar 77

Nine major epidemics of acute infectious diseases swept the Northern Plains of the Western Interior of Canada between 1774 and 1839. The Blackfeet, Plains Cree and Assiniboin, Atsina and Saulteaux who exploited the Plains were differentially exposed to these epidemics of smallpox, measles, whooping cough and influenza. Mortality estimates from these epidemics were used in assessing the degree to which a series of epidemics contributed to depopulation of the Plains Natives. A criteria was established to determine an epidemic from a depopulation epidemic, which involved among other factors, the determination of age-selective mortality. The analysis concludes that despite the fact several Native groups exploited, and in some cases co-resided in a similar ecological area, they suffered differential mortality and depopulation rates.
 ...
PMID:Depopulation of the Northern Plains Natives. 194 51

Infection with the blood stage of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vinckei is uniformly lethal in mice. We found that immunization of BALB/c mice with a combination of killed P. vinckei antigens and an attenuated (aroA) Salmonella typhimurium strain induces high levels of protection against challenge with live P. vinckei. This is especially significant because, in our previous studies, immunization of mice with killed P. vinckei antigens and adjuvants such as Bordetella pertussis, complete Freund adjuvant, and saponin failed to induce protective immunity. Immunization with attenuated S. typhimurium alone did not provide any nonspecific immunity. In vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells in the mice immunized with attenuated S. typhimurium and P. vinckei antigens caused the loss of their immunity. Expression of this immunity required the presence of a spleen. These results support our previous hypothesis that a blood stage malaria vaccine may need both induction of CD4+ T cells specific for the parasite and modification of the spleen with a vaccine vehicle. Therefore, attenuated Salmonella strains such as the one used in this study, when expressing recombinant malarial antigens, might fulfill this requirement.
 ...
PMID:Immunization of mice against Plasmodium vinckei with a combination of attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and malarial antigen. 197 14

We report a case of pneumonia, caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica, in a previously healthy, immunocompetent 37-year-old male patient who had suffered chest injury in a car accident. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit where endotracheal intubation was performed. Seventy-two hours later he presented with fever associated with pulmonary affection which was diagnosed as right lobar pneumonia. Abundant colonies of B. bronchiseptica were isolated from the pharyngeal exudate and respiratory secretions, suggesting prior oropharyngeal colonization by B. bronchiseptica, as a result of repeated contact with his dog, with subsequent infection of the lower respiratory tract assisted by the process of intubation. We review different human infections produced by B.bronchiseptica as well as the antibiotic susceptibility studies performed.
Infection
PMID:Pneumonia caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in a patient with a thoracic trauma. 201 9

Wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) trapped as part of a relocation program by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission were tested for selected infectious diseases and parasites. The 45 birds were trapped at four locations in Pope, Scott, and Montgomery counties (Arkansas, USA). Forty-four blood samples for serology, 27 blood smears and 12 fecal samples were collected. Of the serum samples tested, 20 of 44 (45%) were positive for Pasteurella multocida by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 42 of 44 (95%) were positive for Bordetella avium by ELISA, and 15 of 44 (34%) were positive for Newcastle disease virus antibody by the hemagglutination inhibition test. All serum samples were negative for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, avian paramyxovirus 3, avian influenza, hemorrhagic enteritis, Marek's disease, avian encephalomyelitis, laryngotracheitis, Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum. Haemoproteus meleagridis was found in eight of 27 (30%) and Leucocytozoon smithi in nine of 27 (33%) blood smears; all smears were negative for Plasmodium hermani. Enteric parasites included Ascaridia dissimilis, Heterakis gallinarum, Eimeria dispersa and Raillietina spp. This study was an attempt to document the health status and disease exposure of wild turkeys in Arkansas to aid in managing and preventing the spread of disease agents to wild turkeys and other species of birds.
 ...
PMID:A survey of infectious diseases in wild turkeys (Meleagridis gallopavo silvestris) from Arkansas. 225 Mar 23

Morbidity and mortality in children of developing countries are primarily due to preventable infectious diseases such as measles, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, and tetanus. By 1990 WHO hopes to have every child in the world immunized against these six diseases, that was why the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was launched. In Nigeria, a nationwide execution of EPI began in 1979. In view of the huge population of Nigeria, an evaluation of the efficiency of the EPI programme at reducing morbidity and mortality from the six target diseases has national and global importance. One such analysis of disease trends showed that apart from tuberculosis and acute poliomyelitis there was no clear reduction in morbidity from the EPI target diseases between 1979 and 1983. The programme was revised and relaunched nationwide in 1984. This paper attempts to update documented programme achievements by including information on EPI diseases from 1974 to 1988. An analysis of available data shows that there has been clear reduction in morbidity from measles and whooping cough since 1986, and that the incidence of tuberculosis is on the increase from 1984, despite a national BCG coverage of over 80 per cent. It is suggested that future evaluations should include data on community-based surveys on poliomyelitis and neonatal tetanus, and use the technique of decision analysis to estimate EPI impact on mortality. A similar effort in this paper predicted a 42 per cent morbidity and 37 per cent mortality reductions from EPI target diseases in Nigeria by the end of 1989.
 ...
PMID:A 10-year review of morbidity from childhood preventable diseases in Nigeria: how successful is the expanded programme on immunization (EPI)? An update. 228 Apr 38

The natural history of infection with Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica in domestic rabbits was studied prospectively at a commercial rabbitry. At weaning, about 25% of rabbits had nasal infections with P. multocida and 75% had infections with B. bronchiseptica. Infection of weanling rabbits paralleled nasal infections of their dams. The proportion of rabbits with both infections increased with age. At 2 to 4 months old, about 50% of rabbits with P. multocida or P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica infections had upper respiratory disease (URD), whereas rabbits with B. bronchiseptica infection had no disease. In rabbits about 10 months old, 75% with P. multocida or P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica infections had URD, whereas virtually none with B. bronchiseptica infection had disease. Disease of the nares, paranasal sinuses, middle ears, and lungs was associated with P. multocida and not B. bronchiseptica infection. In adult rabbits with nasal P. multocida infection, with or without signs of URD, about 80% had concurrent infection of the paranasal sinuses and middle ears and 20% had infection of the bronchi and lungs. In rabbits without nasal P. multocida infection, 20 to 35% had P. multocida infection of the paranasal sinuses and middle ears. Weanling rabbits with and without P. multocida infection had similar immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. In rabbits observed prospectively, the only antibody differences between those transiently and persistently infected with P. multocida were a diminished IgA response in nasal lavages and an earlier IgM response in sera of transiently infected rabbits. IgG levels increased with the duration of infection. There was no relationship between immunoglobulin levels and freedom from P. multocida infection.
 ...
PMID:Pasteurella multocida and Bordetella bronchiseptica infections in rabbits. 229 79

Pertussis (whooping cough) is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. One of the major virulence factors is a protein known as pertussis toxin, which is composed of six subunits, with a total molecular weight of 106,000. Enzymatic transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to a family of GTP-binding proteins is effected by the largest subunit (S1 or the A monomer), while binding of host cells and entry of S1 to the interior is a function of the other subunits (the B oligomer). The holotoxin crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions a = 98.4 A, b = 164.2 A and c = 195.2 A. The crystals are suitable for high-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis.
 ...
PMID:Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of holotoxin from Bordetella pertussis. 235 76

The purpose of this paper is to study the incidence of 8 infectious diseases (viral hepatitis, tuberculosis, salmonellosis, chickenpox, whooping cough, measles, parotitis, rubella) in the 13 districts of the city of Cagliari. The 13 districts are different for demography, population density, socio-economic status. We studied the cases notified and we calculated the age-specific incidence rates of the whole city for the years 1980-1985. We also calculated the crude incidence rate for each district. In order to get over the problem of the different age structures of the districts populations we used the indirect method of standardization and we applied the age-specific rates of the city (standard rates) to the district population to determine the number of cases expected in each age group of the district population. The ratio of the total observed cases to the total expected cases is the Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR). The confidence interval of SIR (95%) is given by SIR +/- 196 *square root of d/(sigma Pi Mi) where d = cases in district population; Pi = population in age group i in district population; Mi = rate in age group i in standard population. The incidence of viral hepatitis is higher between 20 and 29 years and then it declines very fast (--84% in ten years). The age distribution of tuberculosis is bimodal having the first peak between 20 and 29 years and the second one in the oldest age group. The incidence of salmonellosis, chickenpox, whooping cough, measles, parotitis and rubella declines with increasing age. The incidence of viral hepatitis in the districts 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and in Monserrato (outlying village) is higher than the incidence in the whole city; the confidence intervals, that are not too high, are suggestive for the precision of the estimate. As far as tuberculosis is concerned we can recognize a high incidence in the districts 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, in Elmas and in Monserrato (outlying villages), but the confidence intervals are very large. The incidence of salmonellosis is high in the districts 6 and 9 and in the outlying villages. Goals for future research include the role of correlation studies to test hypotheses about the association between socio-economic status and infectious diseases.
 ...
PMID:[Infective diseases in the urban districts of Cagliari in 1980-1985]. 248 29

We used an immunoblotting technique to compare the serum antibody responses to pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), a 69-kilodalton (kDa) adenylate cyclase-associated protein (69 KD protein), and Bordetella pertussis outer membrane proteins (OMPs) following either B. pertussis infection or immunization with whole-cell pertussis vaccine. Infection and vaccination induced nearly equally intense antibody responses to PT and to FHA, but vaccination induced stronger antibody responses to the 69 KD protein and to many OMPs. The importance of serum antibody responses to the 69 KD protein and to B. pertussis OMPs other than PT and FHA in conferring immunity to pertussis after vaccination is unknown. Serum antibody responses to PT following either infection or vaccination were almost exclusively to the 28-kDa enzymatic subunit (S1) and only rarely and weakly to the lesser molecular weight binding subunits (S2-S5).
 ...
PMID:Human serum antibody responses to Bordetella pertussis infection and pertussis vaccination. 253 79


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>