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 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An epidemiological survey was carried out at two centres in the north of England (Liverpool and Sunderland). One hundred and twenty patients were included in this survey to determine the relative incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in patients who present to their physician with an acute lower respiratory tract infection. Data were available at the end of the survey in 115 patients. Only one patient had a positive test for M.pneumoniae. There were nine patients who had a positive antibody test for either influenza or para-influenza. Four patients had a positive test for respiratory syncytial viruses. This survey points out the problems in the clinical diagnosis of respiratory infections in general practice.
Infection 1976
PMID:A general practice survey of the incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. 95 1

Carrier state of the causative agents of the infectious diseases is regarded as a universal phenomenon in infectious pathology. Immunological mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. On the basis of analysis of an epidemic process in the streptococcus and staphylococcus infections, and also in influenza and acute respiratory diseases the author formulated the concept on the genotypical and phenotypical nonhomogeneity of the interacting species of the organisms--the parasite and the host. The action mechanism on the epidemic process of the "mixing factor" of humans was shown.
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PMID:[Carrier state of the causative agents of infectious diseases and its significance in the development of the epidemic process]. 100 45

The results are presented of serological examinations in a total of 4235 subjects including blood donors (341 persons), pregnant women (1784), newborns (833), patients with malignant tumours (248), patients with influenza-like diseases (548), patients with abacterial meningitis (295), infants under one year with hydrocephalus (40), infants under two years with other nervous system diseases (110), mothers of seropositive children with hydrocephalus (12) and mothers of seronegative children with hydrocephalus (24). The investigations revealed 16 cases of serologically confirmed prenatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Immunofluorescent antibody to this virus was detected in the children in most cases at high titers and in their mothers at moderate and low titers. In 14 children hydrocephalus was manifest, one child was suffering from infantile cerebral palsy, and one child from congenital right side blepharoptosis. Foci of chorioretinal degeneration were found in 14 patients. During pregnancy six mothers had an influenza-like illness; the other ten mothers denied any disease associated with fever.
Infection 1976
PMID:Hydrocephalus due to prenatal infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. 101 76

The analysis of blood leucocyte chromosomes has been carried out on 60 patients with different infectious diseases (influenza, measles, scarlet fever, and disentery), and on 47 patients immunized against measles, tick-born encephalitis, typhoid fever and brucellosis. The mutagenic influence of viruses on the genital cells of mice and on the human somatic cells in vitro was studied. Both viruses and bacteria appeared to be able to bring about different breaks in human and animal cells.
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PMID:[Effect of infectious factors on human and animal cytogenetic structures]. 102 62

Eighteen volunteers in tow study groups were inoculated with influenza A (H3N2) and their peripheral blood T, B and null cells enumerated at subsequent intervals. Infection with wild-type virus or with a live, attenuated virus vaccine markedly reduced the proportion and absolute number of T-cell rosettes 24 hours after inoculation. T-Cell depression preceded the onset of clinical illness in symptomatic subjects, continued during illness, and returned to normal with recovery. T-cell lymphopenia was most pronounced in volunteers infected with wild-type virus and was accompanied by an increase in null cells. Lymphocytes from six wild-virus recipients with T-cell leukopenia were incubated in vitro with a calfthymus extract (thymosin), significantly increasing the percentage of T rosettes in all six subjects (P less than 0.0001). These data indicate that influenza is accompanied by pronounced quantitative and functional changes in T cells.
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PMID:Influenza: response of T-cell lymphopenia to thymosin. 108 84

The antibody response and immunity to challenge infection were determined in ferrets immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine in saline or adjuvant. Adjuvanated vaccines induced variable titres of serum antibody, and the degree of immunity to challenge infection was directly related to the titre of serum HI antibody induced by these vaccines. Conventional doses of saline vaccine did not induce serum HI antibody, and the ferrets were completely susceptible to challenge infection. Infection with live virus produced a more solid immunity to challenge infection than immunization with a adjuvant vaccines, even though immunization induced higher titres of serum HI antibody. Ferrets previously infected with a heterotypic influenza A virus, but not other viruses, produced serum HI antibody in response to subsequent immunization with inactivated influenza vaccine. Similar results were obtained in hamsters and mice. Thus, the failure of animals to produce antibody in response to immunization with saline inactivated vaccines was due to the absence of a previous priming infection; this prior experience would be a feature of most volunteers. Live virus infection produced nasal antibody in ferrets, but inactivated vaccines only induced serum antibody. This may explain the more solid immunity observed following infection; however, at the time of challenge infection, no nasal wash antibody could be detected. Immunization with inactivated vaccine in Freund's complete adjuvant and influenza virus infection both produced a cell-mediated immune response; thus, the difference in the degree of immunity induced by these two immunization procedures are probably not due to differences in the cell-mediated immune response. However, cell-mediated immunity was measured by skin tests and by macrophage migration inhibition tests with spleen cells; the reaction of cells from the respiratory tract may be more important, but was not measured in these studies.
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PMID:Assessment of resistance to influenza virus infection in animal models. 112 74

The occurrence of types A and B influenza infections was determined by isolation and serology over six years among residents of Tecumseh, Michigan. By isolation, there was evidence of type A infection for a limited period during each year of the study; most rises in titer were detected during the periods of viral isolation, but some also occurred out of season. Outbreaks of type B infection were encountered three times during the six-year period and out of season infections were less frequently seen than with type A. Infection rates with type A were relatively flat over the age range, with high rates seen in infants and small children; in contrast, highest infection rates with type B were observed in the 5--14-year-olds. On examination of illness rates, it was found that some of the outbreaks wound have gone undetected if surveillance techniques for infection had not been in operation. Frequency of respiratory illness with activity restriction was taken as a guide to influenza virus activity during outbreaks; it was found that highest rates of such illnesses occurred among the 1--4-year-olds for type A outbreaks, and among the 5--9-year-olds during mixed or type B outbreaks.
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PMID:The Tecumseh Study of Respiratory Illness. IX. Occurence of influenza in the community, 1966--1971. 120 57

A live attenuated virus, influenza A/Hong Kong/68(H3N2)-ts-1[E], was administered to 10 normal volunteers. Infection resulted in minor upper respiratory tract symptoms in one volunteer. An isolate from one volunteer contained a presumed revertant wild-type virus, but no clinical significance could be ascribed to this infection. Since infection with natural influenza A virus adversely affects airway dynamics, serial tests of pulmonary function were performed, including measurements of forced expiratory flow rates, lung volumes, diffusing capacity, closing volume, and total pulmonary resistance at various frequencies by the oscillometric technique. All tests performed before and on days 3, 30, and 60 after administration of virus yielded normal results throughout the study; these results suggested that there was no inflammatory response to the candidate vaccine in either the large or the small airways. Determination of total pulmonary resistance by the oscillometric technique proved to be a simple and acceptable procedure and may be useful in large-scale epidemiologic studies.
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PMID:Attenuated influenza virus in normal adults: role of pulmonary function studies in vaccine trials. 124 63

This article summarises the existing international structures in Europe which collate data produced by surveillance systems in individual countries. The surveillance of influenza, tuberculosis, and other infections in Europe is undertaken by the World Health Organisation (WHO), the European Community (EC), and national and international organisations set up to study specific diseases. The surveillance of foodborne infections, rabies, travel-associated legionellosis and AIDS/HIV is undertaken by WHO collaborating centres or WHO/EC programmes. Research into immunisation and sexually transmitted diseases other than HIV is carried out through EC concerted action programmes. The Maastricht treaty, if ratified, may lead to changes in the way communicable disease surveillance is undertaken in the EC.
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PMID:The surveillance of communicable disease in the European Community. 128 36

There is much concern about the role of nitrate in the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. There has been renewed interest in the endogenous formation of nitrate arising as a host response to infection. This study was designed to investigate whether the large increases in nitrate excretion rate reported (6-15-fold) for certain infectious diseases is also a feature of systemic influenza infections. Volunteers were challenged either with an attenuated strain of influenza A virus or with saline; and excreted nitrate was measured in subsequent 24-h urine samples. Both with and without adjustment for potential confounding by dietary and other factors, it was clear that neither mild nor moderate influenza A virus infection resulted in substantial endogenous nitrate biosynthesis since all the variation in urinary nitrate excretion observed was within the range of normal daily fluctuations. It remains possible that a stronger and more consistent nitrate excretion response might be observed in other infectious illnesses with greater systemic disturbance.
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PMID:Significant endogenous synthesis of nitrate does not appear to be a feature of influenza A virus infection. 130 69


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