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Query: UMLS:C0009450 (infectious diseases)
 83,438 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The importance of individual responsibility in many aspects of preventive medicine is emphasised in the introduction. A section on infectious disease as applied to Western society today follows with special mention of particular conditions such as turberculosis, influenza, rubella, gastro-intestinal diseases and Legionaire's Disease. The section on non-communicable disease is subdivided into coronary heart disease, malignant neoplasms and chronic bronchitis. It includes some discussion of screening. Short sections on prevention in the elderly, pregnancy and early life, dental health, accidents, alcoholism and drug misuse follow. In the conclusions the difficulty of determining priorities for different societies and the importance of establishing cost effectiveness of preventive measures are covered. The relative importance of societal, governmental and individual preventive measures are described and the authors emphasise that any expensive screening programme must adhere to established criteria.
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PMID:Prevention--everybody's responsibility. 73 18

It has been proposed that I-cell disease results from a primary deficiency of acid neuraminidase activity. Infection by influenza virus of fibroblasts from a patient with I-cell disease resulted in the production of abundant intracellular alpha2-3 neuraminidase activity. Despite electrophoretic evidence of desialylation of intracellular and fibroblast-secreted arylsulfatase (EC 3.1.6.1) and beta-hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30) from the infected cells, there was no consequent alteration of the abnormal distribution of beta-hexosaminidase activity between the intracellular spaces characteristic of I-cell disease. This suggests that deficiency of alpha2,3 neuraminidase activity is not the primary biochemical defect in I-cell disease.
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PMID:I-cell disease: intracellular desialylation of lysosomal enzymes using an influenza virus vector. 76 Aug 15

The incidence of respiratory tract infections in patients seeking medical advice at a community care centre (Dalby) during 1973 and 1974 was studied. About every third patient seen at this primary health station presented with signs of such infections. In the age groups less than 10, 10-19, 20-39, 40-59 and greater than or equal to 60 years, respiratory tract infections accounted for 65, 45, 32, 18 and 9% of the fotal number of diagnoses made during 1974. The aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in a series of patients seen at this health station was studied. The series included randomly selected cases, but excluded children under seven years of age and patients presenting with signs of acute otitis media and tonsillitis. Attempts to establish the aetiology were made on the basis of the history, the clinical examination, and cultures for beta-haemolytic streptococci and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, complement foxation tests for influenza A and B, para-influenza 1, 2, and 3, adeno, cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, and Chlamydia psittaci. Paul-Bunnell test and tests for cold agglutinins were also performed. With this test battery, an aetiological diagnosis was obtained in only 33% of the 101 patients studied. The findings suggest an infection with M.pneumoniae in 16%, with beta-haemolytic streptococci in 9%, and with viruses (adeno and para-influenza) in 7% of the patients. The present communication highlights the role of M.pneumoniae in upper respiratory infections, as few data have appeared on such infections in patients seen in general practice. The difficulty of establishing the aetiology of respiratory tract infections and the consequent treatment dilemma is discussed.
Infection 1976
PMID:The incidence and aetiology of respiratory tract infections in general practice--with emphasis on Mycoplasma pneumoniae. 78 48

Amantadine-HC1, an antiviral drug clinically effective against most strains of influenza A virus, was evaluated in a double-blind trial in 153 children with cystic fibrosis during the initial appearance of influenza A/England/42 virus in the New England area. Infection with this variant strain of influenza virus did not reach epidemic proportions during the study, so that the effectiveness of amantadine in this study population could not be fully assessed. However, the potential symptomatic and biochemical toxicity of amantadine was carefully monitored in a pediatric population. Serologic screening by complement fixation tests indicated that respiratory viruses may be important pathogens in exacerbations of respiratory disease in patients with cystic fibrosis.
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PMID:Evaluation of the safety of amantadine-HC1 and the role of respiratory viral infections in children with cystic fibrosis. 78 43

Various workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease-free because of the bering Strait cold-screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americns had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral penumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the "crowd-type" ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves. My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems--especially in the more culturally advanced areas--were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the "crowd-type" disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as "virgin-field" populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of diease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditiona estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre-contact Indian population of some 90-111 million instead of the tradition 8-11 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens that are other "virgin soil" populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present-day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.
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PMID:Aboriginal new world epidemiolgy and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports. 79 20

A human isolate of type A Hong Kong influenza virus (H3N2) was adapted to mice by serial passage. Lung homogenates from mice who received low passage levels contained about the same quantity of virus (10(6.2-6.95) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml) as those from mice who received high passage levels (10(5.95-6.45) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml); however, death occurred only in animals given high-passage virus. Passage 3 (P3) and passage 9 (P9) viruses were selected as representative of low-passage and high-passage viruses, respectively. Although minimal differences were detected in infectivity for rhesus monkey kidney tissue cultures and mice, P9 virus was at least 10,000 times more lethal for mice (mean lethal dose = 10(4.2)). Infection with P3 virus was accompanied by minimal bronchitis and bronchiolitis only, whereas P9-infected animals exhibited marked bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Striking thymic cortical atrophy was also demonstrable in the P9-infected animals and, although virus was more commonly recovered from thymuses from these animals, immunofluorescent studies revealed only a few cells containing influenza virus antigens. To further explore the participation of thymus-derived lymphocytes in influenza, athymic nude mice and furred immunocompetent littermates were given 500 50% mouse infectious doses of P9 virus. Nude mice exhibited an increased survival time and, in contrast to the extensive lung pathology seen in furred littermates, manifested minimal cellular infiltration and no tissue destruction in lungs. Brains from nude mice exhibited encephalomalacia with lymphocytic perivascular cuffing, which was not seen in furred animals. Virus was recovered from brains of 6 of 13 nude mice and 1 of 10 furred animals. The contrasting models suggest that thymus-dependent cells play a significant role in the inflammatory response to influenza virus infection and should prove useful for probing host-virus interactions which characterize influenza virus virulence.
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PMID:Effects of low- and high-passage influenza virus infection in normal and nude mice. 83 99

Two inactivated influenza-virus vaccines were tested and compared in three army training units in Israel. The serological responses to the vaccines and the side-effects were assessed. The vaccines contained the influenza strains which were prevalent in 1974: A2/Port Chalmers/1/73 and B/Hong Kong/8/73. One of the vaccines also contained A2/England/42/72. Both vaccines caused a more than three-fold rise in geometric mean titers against influenza A strains, and about a twofold rise in geometric mean titers against influenza B/Hong Kong/5/73. Approximately 75%-80% of the vaccinees acquired protective hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers against influenza A strains, while less than 30% acquired protective titers against B strains. In general, there were no significant differences between the serological responses to the two vaccines. More than 50% of the vaccinees experienced at least one systemic side-effect (50.3% with one vaccine and 61.0% with the other). The average number of side-effects per person was between 1.78 and 2.11. However, these side-effects were generally of short duration and caused minimal disability. On the whole, the two vaccines did not differ significantly with regard to the side-effects they caused.
Infection 1977
PMID:Influenza immunization: serologic and clinical responses in military units. 88 Dec 64

Relative to a particular level of female mortality, male mortality is lower than expected, currently and historically, in Northwestern Europe, Southeastern Europe, and Tropical Latin America; it is higher than expected in Western-Central Europe and in the Far East. The geographical pattern of differentials is attributable primarily to variation in the masculinity of mortality from cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and influenza/pneumonia/bronchitis. Over time, male mortality has increased relative to a particular level of female mortality, and these same causes of death are principally responsible. In the 1960's, high masculinity of mortality was associated independently with low proportions in primary activities, high proportions hiring in large cities, and with high discrimination against females in school enrollment combined with poor nutritional standards. The former two variables once again operate primarily through cardiovascular disease, neoplasms, and the respiratory diseases, whereas the discrimination-nutrition interaction appears to operate through infectious diseases. Variations in levels of economic modernization are capable of accounting for a substantial portion of the regional differences, although certain constitutional factors such as physiotype are also plausibly implicated, and they are also congruent with trends in sex mortality differentials.
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PMID:[Causes of death responsible for international and intertemporal variation in sex mortality differentials]. 93 40

Concurrent and sequential outbreaks of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus were studied, utilizing a local surveillance system for infectious diseases that involved weekly reports from primary care physicians. The patterns of illness in the community and in hospital admissions were relatively specific for these two viruses, and differed according to whether RSV and influenza A virus occurred together or separately. This surveillance system appeared to be a practical and accurate indicator of the activity of RSV and influenza A virus in the community. Such a system may serve as a valuable means of relatively early detection of the local arrival of these viruses, and recognition of these illness patterns might aid the physician in diagnosis.
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PMID:Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. Practical community surveillance. 93 81

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new influenza subunit vaccine essentially containing only haemagglutinin and neuraminidase was studied in man. The vaccine was compared to commercially available vaccines, an adjuvant containing tween-ether split vaccine (800 IU per dose), and a fluid whole-virus vaccine (2100 IU per dose). Two dosages (700 and 2100 IU) of the fluid subunit vaccine were compared. All vaccines contained the virus strains recommended by the WHO for the 1975/76 season. In a double-blind study 399 volunteers were randomly selected to receive one of the four vaccines. The volunteers were examined for side-effects 24 and 48 hr after vaccination. Antibodies inhibiting haemagglutination were determined prior to and four weeks after vaccination. The sudunit vaccine at 700 IU per dose caused significantly fewer local side effects than the comparable split vaccine, and resulted in significantly higher antibody titers against both influenza A strains. A comparison of the subunit and whole virus vaccines containing high dosages (2100 IU) showed striking differences in reactogenicity. Subunit vaccine was very well tolerated. whereas whole virus vaccine caused systemic reactions, including fever and headache, in 15% of the volunteers. No significant reactogenicity was seen with a high dosage of subunit vaccine (2100 IU) although this is a three-fold increase on the currently used European dosage. Antibody titers were significantly enhanced however.
Infection 1976
PMID:[A new influenza subunit vaccine: reactogenicity and antigenicity in comparison to split and whole virus vaccines (author's transl)]. 94 49


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